A History of Wales, Volume I: II

II

II

Trwy ganol Cymru rhed trum ardderchog o fynyddoedd o ogledd i dde, o fôr i fôr.

Through the centre of Wales runs a magnificent ridge of mountains from north to south, from sea to sea.

Y mynyddoedd hyn a'u llethrau ydyw Cymru.

These mountains and their slopes are Wales.

Nid oes ond ychydig o'r wlad, - rhannau o Fôn, Dyffryn Clwyd, Dyffryn Maelor, a thraeth y de, yn llai na dau gant o droedfeddi o uchder,- rhyw gylch bychan o amgylch y wlad.

Only a small portion of the country—parts of Anglesey, the Vale of Clwyd, the Vale of Maelor, and the southern coast—is less than two hundred feet above sea level, forming a small ring around the country.

Y tu mewn i'r cylch hwn ceir cylch mwy, o dir dan bum cant o droedfeddi.

Within this ring lies a larger circle of land below five hundred feet in elevation.

Ond ymgyfyd canolbarth y wlad, y rhan fwyaf o lawer o honni, i uchder sydd rhwng pum cant a dwy fil o droedfeddi ac ymsaetha rhai pigau yn uwch na hyn, cyrhaedda mynyddoedd Eryri'n uwch na thair mil a hanner o droedfeddi.

But the central region of the country, by far its largest part, rises to heights of between five hundred and two thousand feet, while some peaks soar higher still; the mountains of Snowdonia reach more than three thousand five hundred feet.

Cyrhaedda'r mynyddoedd yn uwch na llinell y ddwy fil mewn pedwar lle - a gellir edrych ar bedwar mynydd uchel fel pedwar penteulu, gyda thylwyth lluosog o'u hamgylch.

The mountains rise above the two-thousand-foot line in four places, and four high mountain groups may be regarded as four patriarchs, each surrounded by a numerous clan.

Y cewri mud hyn, - rhyfelwyr o lech a charreg galch, gyda chrib o wenithfaen ar eu helmau, - wnaeth hanes Cymru y peth ydyw, ac nid oes frenin eto wedi medru dileu eu dylanwad ar hanes a chymeriad eu preswylwyr.

These silent giants—warriors of slate and limestone, with granite crests upon their helmets—have made Welsh history what it is, and no king has yet succeeded in erasing their influence upon the history and character of their inhabitants.

Yn y gogledd ymgyfyd yr Wyddfa a theulu Eryri.

In the north rise Snowdon and the mountain family of Snowdonia.

Uchel ac ysgythrog ydyw y rhain, rhes gribog yn ymestyn o ddyffryn Conwy i eithaf penrhyn Llŷn.

These are lofty and rugged mountains, a jagged ridge stretching from the Vale of Conwy to the farthest end of the Llŷn Peninsula.

Wrth eu traed gorwedd Môn yn dawel yn y môr.

At their feet, Anglesey lies peacefully in the sea.

Cymdogaeth agosaf Eryri ydyw mynyddoedd Berwyn, teulu lluosocach a manach, a'r Aran yn ymgodi mewn prydferthwch o'u canol.

The nearest neighbours of Snowdonia are the Berwyn Mountains, a more numerous and smaller family, with the Aran rising beautifully among them.

Yr un defnydd sydd i'r rhain, - llech a chrib o wenithfaen, - ond gyda charreg galch yn ymyl wen i odrau eu gwisg.

They are made of the same materials—slate, with granite along their crests—but limestone provides a white border to the lower edges of their garments.

Nid ydynt yn sefyll mor agos at eu gilydd a mynyddoedd Eryri, ac nid ydyw'r wisg sydd dan eu hamwisg wen yn unlliw, - y mae mynyddoedd llech Meirion yn laslwyd, bryniau calch Dinbych yn wynion, ac is-fryniau glo Fflint yn dduon.

They do not stand as close together as the mountains of Snowdonia, and the garments beneath their white outer robes are not all of one colour: the slate mountains of Merioneth are blue-grey, the limestone hills of Denbigh are white, and the lower coal hills of Flint are black.

Mynyddoedd Eryri a llethrau gorllewinol y Berwyn ydyw gwlad Gwynedd; llethrau dwyreiniol y Berwyn ydyw gogledd gwlad Powys.

The mountains of Snowdonia and the western slopes of the Berwyn form the land of Gwynedd; the eastern slopes of the Berwyn form northern Powys.

Yn nes i'r de gorwedd Plunlumon a'i blant, mewn hanner cylch yn edrych tua'r môr, gyda Cheredigion yn ei fynwes, a Phowys wrth ei gefn.

Farther south lie Plynlimon and its surrounding mountain ranges, arranged in a semicircle facing the sea, with Ceredigion nestled in its embrace and Powys lying behind it.

Wrth ei droed y mae gwlad Dyfed yn ymestyn i'r môr, gyda phigau gwenithfaen yn ymgodi o fryniau ei gogledd, a chestyll yn gwylio dyffrynnoedd hafaidd tlysion y de.

At its foot, the land of Dyfed stretches towards the sea, with granite peaks rising from its northern hills and castles keeping watch over the lovely, summer-clad valleys of the south.

Os edrychir i'r de-ddwyrain o drumau Plunlumon gwelir y Mynydd Du a'i dylwythau, - yn llawn o gyfoeth dihysbydd, - a gwastadedd bras rhwng eu godrau a môr y de.

Looking south-east from the ridges of Plynlimon, one sees the Black Mountain and its clans, rich in inexhaustible wealth, with a fertile plain stretching between their foothills and the southern sea.

O gymoedd eu dwyrain rhed yr Wysg a'r Wy, - yn loyw fel arian cyn gadael y mynyddoedd, - i ymdroelli'n ddioglyd trwy ddaear goch Gwent tua genau'r Hafren a'r môr.

From their eastern valleys flow the Usk and the Wye, gleaming like silver as they leave the mountains, winding unhurriedly through the red earth of Gwent towards the mouth of the Severn and the sea.

Rhwng Gwent a Dyfed y mae bro a bryniau Morgannwg gwlad y cyfoeth a'r lluoedd; gwlad "yn llwynaidd gan berllanau, a gwlad yr haearn a'r glo: gwlad y maendai lle mae mwynder," a gwlad pebyll Cedar.

Between Gwent and Dyfed lie the countryside and hills of Glamorgan, a land of wealth and industry; a land "thick with orchards, and a land of iron and coal: a land of stone houses where comfort dwells," and a land of the tents of Cedar.

Fel eu gwlad a glannau eu moroedd, felly hefyd y mae'r Cymry.

The Welsh are like their country and the shores of their seas.

Gwyllt ydyw'r wlad, amrywiol, a rhyfedd; troellog ydyw ei ffyrdd, ac ni wel neb a'u tramwyo fawr ymlaen.

The country is wild, varied, and strange; its roads are winding, and no one can see very far along them.

Y mae Lloegr yn wastad, ei ffyrdd yn union, Lloegr y teithiwr o ben y daith faint sydd ganddo i'w gerdded, a faint fydd ei ludded.

England is flat, its roads are straight. In England, the traveller can see from the outset how far he has to walk and how tired he will become.

Felly am drigolion y wlad, - gŵr rheolaidd a phwyllog ydyw'r Sais, gŵr y gellir dibynnu arno, gŵr wel lwybr dyletswydd ei fywyd yn glir o'i flaen, gŵr heb bryder nac ansicrwydd meddwl nac ofn nac anwadalwch.

So it is with the inhabitants of the country: the Englishman is methodical and sensible, a man who can be relied upon, a man who sees clearly before him the path of duty in his life, a man without anxiety, uncertainty of mind, fear, or fickleness.

Ond am y Cymro, y mae ei feddwl ef yn rhamantus ac athrylithgar, a gobaith yn gryfach na ffydd; ni wel ymhell ymlaen, y mae ei holl fryd ar y llecyn y digwydd fod ynddo: y mae ei lwybr heibio cornel y mynydd, ni wel beth sydd o'i flaen, nid yw dyfalbarhad dyn y llwybrau sythion yn perthyn iddo, ac nid oes sicrwydd beth a wna pan fo'r mynydd rhyngoch ag ef.

But the Welshman is different. His mind is romantic and imaginative, and hope is stronger in him than faith. He cannot see far ahead; all his attention is fixed upon the spot where he happens to be. His path leads around the corner of a mountain, and he cannot see what lies beyond. The perseverance of the man who follows straight roads is not his, and no one can be certain what he will do when a mountain stands between him and them.

Plentyn y mynyddoedd ydyw,-yn addaw i Dduw ar lawer awr o frwdfrydedd fwy nag y medrai bywyd o ddyfalbarhad ei gyflawni.

He is a child of the mountains, promising God, in many an hour of enthusiasm, more than a lifetime of perseverance could ever accomplish.

Cryfder dychymyg a dyhead am fywyd gwell, a phruddglwyf wrth weled mor anodd ydyw sylweddoli pan fo'r brwdfrydedd wedi oeri, - dyna brif nodweddion y Cymro.

A powerful imagination and a longing for a better life, together with melancholy at discovering how difficult it is to make that vision a reality once the enthusiasm has cooled—these are the chief characteristics of the Welshman.

Rhoddwyd swm ei gymeriad, hawster dychmygu ac anhawster cyflawni, mewn geiriau sydd erbyn hyn yn ddihareb,-

The essence of his character, the ease of imagining and the difficulty of accomplishing, has been expressed in words which have now become proverbial:

Yr ymdrech gyntaf yn hanes Cymru yw'r ymdrech i gadw yr holl fynyddoedd dan eu teyrn.

The first struggle in Welsh history was the attempt to keep all the mountains under one ruler.

Dyna oedd amcan llawer un galluog o Arthur ddychymyg hyd Gadwallon hanes.

That was the ambition of many a great man, from the legendary Arthur to the historical Cadwallon.

Ond y mae toriad yn y mynyddoedd, ymestyn Dyffryn Maelor rhwng y Berwyn a mynyddoedd Teyrnllwg ac Ystrad Clwyd, ac nid oedd Caer yn ddigon cadarn i rwystro'r gelyn dorri hen Gymru'n ddwy.

But there is a break in the mountains: the Vale of Maelor stretches between the Berwyn and the mountains of Teyrnllwg and the Vale of Clwyd, and Chester was not strong enough to prevent the enemy from splitting ancient Wales in two.

Wedi hynny bu'r mynyddoedd yn ymladd gyda'r tywysogion Cymreig yn erbyn brenhinoedd Lloegr.

Thereafter, the mountains fought alongside the Welsh princes against the kings of England.

Ac er i Gymru ddod yn rhan o deyrnas brenhinoedd Lloegr, cadwodd y mynyddoedd hi'n wlad ar wahân.

And although Wales became part of the kingdom of the English kings, the mountains preserved it as a separate country.

Y mae'r mynyddoedd yn sicrhau y bydd y Cymry'n bobl neilltuol, bydd yr Wyddfa yn y môr cyn y collant nodweddion eu hanes a'u meddwl.

The mountains ensure that the Welsh will remain a distinct people; Snowdon will have sunk into the sea before they lose the distinctive features of their history and their way of thinking.

Rhoddodd y mynyddoedd i Gymru undeb ac annibyniaeth; undeb trwy wneud gwahaniaeth rhyngddi a Lloegr, annibyniaeth trwy ei rhannu'n gantrefi ac yn gymydau.

The mountains gave Wales both unity and independence: unity by setting it apart from England, and independence by dividing it into cantrefs and commotes.

A dyna ydyw hanes hapus gwlad fynyddig fo dan wenau Rhagluniaeth, - undeb ac annibyniaeth yn graddol gryfhau eu gilydd, cyfraith a rhyddid yn dod yr un peth.

And such is the fortunate history of a mountainous country favoured by Providence: unity and independence gradually strengthening one another, until law and liberty become one and the same.

Nodyn I golygu

Note I: Explanation

Rhennid tir Cymru yn dywysogaethau, cantrefi, cymydau.

The land of Wales was divided into principalities, cantrefs, and commotes.

Yr oedd terfynau'r tywysogaethau'n newid o hyd.

The boundaries of the principalities were constantly changing.

Y pedair gadarnaf oedd Gwynedd, Powys, Deheubarth, a Morgannwg, - yn ateb i ryw fesur i bedair esgobaeth y wlad.

The four most powerful were Gwynedd, Powys, Deheubarth, and Glamorgan, corresponding to some extent with the country's four dioceses.

GWYNEDD .

GWYNEDD.

Yr oedd Môn yn dair cantref, dau gwmwd ymhob un.

Anglesey consisted of three cantrefs, each containing two commotes.

Ar ei chyfer yr oedd cantrefi Arllechwedd ac Arfon.

Opposite it lay the cantrefs of Arllechwedd and Arfon.

Ar lethrau deheuol Eryri yr oedd cantrefi Llŷn, Eifionydd, ac Ardudwy.

On the southern slopes of Snowdonia lay the cantrefs of Llŷn, Eifionydd, and Ardudwy.

O amgylch Gwynedd yr oedd cylch o gantrefi fyddai'n aml yn rhan o honni, - Rhos a Rhufoniog, sef ehangder Mynydd Hiraethog, rhwng Conwy a Chlwyd; Tegeingl, y gantref fryniog rhwng Clwyd a Dyfrdwy; Dyffryn Clwyd; Edeyrnion a Phenllyn, cantrefi mynyddig dyffryn uchaf y Ddyfrdwy; Meirionnydd, rhwng Maw a Dyfi.

Around Gwynedd lay a ring of cantrefs which often formed part of it: Rhos and Rhufoniog, comprising the wide expanse of the Hiraethog Mountains between the Conwy and the Clwyd; Tegeingl, the hilly cantref between the Clwyd and the Dee; the Vale of Clwyd; Edeyrnion and Penllyn, the mountainous cantrefs of the upper Dee valley; and Meirionnydd, between the Maw and the Dyfi.

Weithiau byddai Mawddwy a Chyfeiliog, holl lethrau dyffryn Dyfi, dan dywysog Gwynedd hefyd.

At times, Mawddwy and Cyfeiliog, comprising all the slopes of the Dyfi valley, also came under the rule of the Prince of Gwynedd.

POWYS , gwlad y Berwyn, cantrefi a chymydau Dyfrdwy a Hafren.

POWYS, the land of the Berwyn, comprising the cantrefs and commotes of the Dee and Severn valleys.

Dyffrynnoedd y Ddyfrdwy sy'n agor i Loegr yw Powys Fadog, - Ial, Ystrad Alun, Maelor, y Waen, Croesoswallt, Dyffryn Ceiriog.

The Dee valleys opening towards England formed Powys Fadog: Ial, Ystrad Alun, Maelor, y Waen, Oswestry, and the Vale of Ceiriog.

Dyffrynnoedd Hafren yw Powys Wenwynwyn,—Llannerch Hudol, Ystrad Marchell, Mechain, Caereinion, Cedewain, Arwystli.

The Severn valleys formed Powys Wenwynwyn: Llannerch Hudol, Ystrad Marchell, Mechain, Caereinion, Cedewain, and Arwystli.

Rhwng y rhain a'r De, y mae cymydau Ceredigion o du'r môr i Blunlumon; a Maelenydd, Elfael, Buallt, a Brycheiniog yr ochr arall,—cymoedd Gwy a'r Wysg.

Between these regions and the south lay the commotes of Ceredigion, extending from the sea to Plynlimon; and on the other side, Maelienydd, Elfael, Builth, and Brycheiniog, the valleys of the Wye and the Usk.

Byddai'r tywysogaethau bychain hyn yn newid dwylaw'n aml, weithiau dan Wynedd, dro arall dan Bowys, yna dan arglwyddi'r goror, a phob amser yn llawn ysbryd annibyniaeth.

These small principalities frequently changed hands, sometimes falling under Gwynedd, at other times under Powys, and then under the Lords of the Marches, yet always remaining full of the spirit of independence.

MORGANNWG a Gwent ,—dau gwmwd ar hugain hyfryd,—sydd ar lethrau a bro y De o Wy i Nedd.

GLAMORGAN and Gwent—twenty-two delightful commotes—lie among the slopes and countryside of the south, from the Wye to the Neath.

I'r gorllewin y mae tair cantref mawrion Ystrad Tywi, rhan arhosol y DEHEUBARTH o Nedd i Deifi.

To the west lie the three great cantrefs of Ystrad Tywi, the enduring heartland of DEHEUBARTH, stretching from the Neath to the Teifi.

Rhwng hon a'r môr y mae ugain cwmwd Dyfed, bryniau a gwastadeddau y de-orllewin.

Between this region and the sea lie the twenty commotes of Dyfed, comprising the hills and plains of the south-west.

HANES CYMRU Cyfrol I - O. M.

A HISTORY OF WALES Volume I - O. M.

EDWARDS PENNOD II - Y CENHEDLOEDD CRWYDR

EDWARDS CHAPTER II – THE MIGRATING PEOPLES

Y CYNTAF, hwyrach, i ymgartrefu yn y mynyddoedd oedd yr Iberiad.

The first people, perhaps, to settle in the mountains were the Iberians.

Un byr ac egwan oedd ef; yr oedd ei bryd yn dywyll. a'i wallt a'i lygaid yn ddu; ei ben yn hir a'r ei gorff byr; ei dalcen yn gul, a'i ên yn hir.

He was short and frail, with a dark complexion, black hair and eyes, a long head and a short body, a narrow forehead and a long chin.

Er eiddiled oedd, yr oedd bywyd rhyfedd ynddo; ac yr oedd eiddilwch ei gorff yn gwneud ei enaid yn effro, ac yn fyw i weled ac i glywed ac i deimlo pob peth oddi allan.

Frail though he was, he possessed a remarkable vitality; the weakness of his body made his spirit alert and keenly responsive to everything outside him, awakening his senses to see, hear, and feel.

Yr oedd sŵn y môr a su gwynt y mynydd yn ei glustiau o hyd, ymhyfrydai mewn prydferthwch lliw a melusder sŵn.

The sound of the sea and the whisper of the mountain wind were always in his ears; he delighted in the beauty of colour and the sweetness of sound.

Ogof y mynydd oedd ei gartref, a'i fedd.

The mountain cave was both his home and his grave.

Yn ddiweddarach yn ei hanes, gwnai dŭ hir a bedd hir a'r lun ogof, - mynedfa hir gul ac ystafell yn ei phen draw.

Later in his history, he built long houses and long tombs in the shape of caves, with a narrow passage leading to a chamber at the far end.

Cerrig nadd oedd ganddo'n offer rhyfel a heddwch; ni wyddai pa fodd i weithio pres neu haearn, ac afluniaidd iawn oedd ei ychydig lestri pridd.

His tools of war and peace were made of chipped stone; he did not know how to work bronze or iron, and his few earthenware vessels were very crude.

Bu Prydain i gyd yn eiddo'r Iberiad hwn.

All of Britain once belonged to this Iberian people.

O'r de ddwyrain y daeth.

They came from the south-east.

Pe dilynem ei lwybr, a phe crwydrem trwy'r gwledydd fu unwaith yn gartref iddo, aem trwy Ffrainc a Spaen, ac a'r hyd traeth Môr y Canoldir, ochr Ewrob neu ochr Affrig, tua'r Aifft ac Arabia.

If we followed their route and wandered through the lands that were once their home, we would travel through France and Spain, then along the shores of the Mediterranean, on either the European or African side, towards Egypt and Arabia.

Er ei orchfygu ymhob gwlad yr ymgartrefodd ynddi, y mae wedi gor-fyw llawer cenedl o orchfygwyr.

Although conquered in every country in which he settled, he has outlived many a nation of conquerors.

Efe yw Siluriad Gwent a Morgannwg, - gellir ei weled a'r nos Sadwrn yng Nghaer Dydd neu Gasnewydd, gwelir ef yn mwynhau ac yn beirniadu canu'r Eisteddfod, ac nid anaml y cyfarfyddir ef yn nrysau Coleg yr Iesu.

He is the Silurian of Gwent and Glamorgan: one may see him on a Saturday night in Cardiff or Newport, enjoying and judging the singing at the Eisteddfod, and he is often encountered at the doors of Jesus College.

Trwy Gymru i gyd, yn enwedig yng Ngwent, ym Morgannwg, ac yng Ngwynedd, y mae ef wedi aros, - rhoddodd ei bryd a'i athrylith i'w orchfygwyr.

He has survived throughout Wales, especially in Gwent, Glamorgan, and Gwynedd, bequeathing his appearance and his genius to his conquerors.

Ond collodd ei iaith, ac nid oes yn aros o honni erbyn hyn ond ambell enw lle.

But he lost his language, and nowadays nothing remains of it except a few place names.

Iaith y Celt ydyw iaith Cymru Gymreig heddyw.

The language of the Celt is the language of Wales today.

A'r ôl yr Iberiad y daeth ef, gan wneud i hwn ymostwng iddo, neu gilio tua'r gorllewin o'i flaen.

The Celt came after the Iberian, forcing him either to submit or to retreat westwards before him.

Hwyrach mai atgofion am yr ymdrech rhwng yr Iberiaid a'r Celtiaid ydyw rhai o'r ystraeon adroddir o oes i oes wrth blant am y tylwyth teg.

Perhaps some of the stories about the fairies, told to children from generation to generation, are memories of the struggle between the Iberians and the Celts.

Adroddir am wŷr bychain yn canu rhyw hen alaw felys, ac yna'n diflannu i ogof yn y ddaear, - efallai mai'r Iberiad yn dianc o flaen y Celt oedd hwn, yn amser y rhyfel rhyngddynt.

Stories tell of little men singing some sweet old melody before disappearing into a cave in the earth; perhaps this was the Iberian fleeing before the Celt during the war between them.

Yr oedd y Celt yn dal, yn ŵr o gryfder corfforol mawr, gyda phen crwn, llygaid gleision, a gwallt coch neu grasgoch.

The Celt was tall and powerfully built, with a round head, blue eyes, and red or reddish-brown hair.

Pan ddaeth i Brydain yr oedd wedi dysgu adeiladu caban crwn uwchlaw pantle yn y ddaear; yr oedd wedi dofi'r ci a'r ych a'r afr; ac yr oedd ganddo offer pres, yn lle offer Carreg ac asgwrn yr Iberiad, yn fuan wedi iddo ymgartrefi yma.

By the time he came to Britain, he had learned to build a round hut above a hollow in the ground; he had domesticated the dog, the ox, and the goat; and soon after settling here, he possessed bronze tools in place of the stone and bone implements of the Iberian.

Y mae ei fedd fel ei fwthyn, yn grwn; ac nid yn hir fel bedd ac ogof yr Iberiad.

His tomb, like his hut, is round, and not long like the tombs and caves of the Iberian.

O'r iseldiroedd ddyfrheir gan y Rhein a'r Scheldt y daeth y Celt i Brydain.

The Celt came to Britain from the lowlands watered by the Rhine and the Scheldt.

Pe olrheiniem ei lwybr ef, a phe crwydrem drwy'r gwledydd fu'n gartref iddo, aem a'r hyd y Rhein, ac a'r hyd y Danube wedi hynny, ac o'i dyffryn hi ymlaen i ganolbarth Asia.

If we traced his route and wandered through the countries that were once his home, we would travel along the Rhine, then along the Danube, and from its valley onwards into Central Asia.

Yr oedd llwybr y Celt yn gyfochrog, felly, â llwybr yr Iberiad, - y naill yn dod drwy ganolbarth Ewrob, a'r llall a'r hyd ei godrau.

The Celt's route was therefore parallel to that of the Iberian: one came through the heart of Europe, while the other travelled along its margins.

Ym Mhrydain ymgyfarfyddodd y ddau bobl, a thrigasant ynghyd o fewn yr un ynys.

In Britain the two peoples met and lived together on the same island.

Daeth y llanw Celtaidd dros yr ynys a'r ddwywaith, yn ôl pob tebyg.

The Celtic tide appears to have swept across the island twice.

Daeth y Gwyddel i ddechreu, a'r Brython a'r ei ôl.

The Goidel came first, followed by the Briton.

Bu ymdrech rhwng y Gwyddel a'r Iberiad am y mynyddoedd i ddechrau, ac yna rhwng y ddau â'r Brython oedd yn eu dilyn.

At first there was a struggle between the Goidel and the Iberian for possession of the mountains, and afterwards between both peoples and the Briton who followed them.

Cyrhaeddodd yr Iberiad draeth eithaf yr Iwerddon; cyrhaeddodd y Gwyddel ymhell i'r ynys honno; cyrhaeddodd y Brython draeth gorllewin Prydain, rhwng afon Mawddach a'r afon Wyre, ond ni chroesodd y môr i'r Iwerddon.

The Iberian reached the farthest shores of Ireland; the Goidel penetrated deep into that island; the Briton reached the western coast of Britain, between the Mawddach and the Wyre rivers, but did not cross the sea to Ireland.

Gwelir, felly, mai ymsymud tua'r gorllewin yr oedd y cenhedloedd hyn.

It can therefore be seen that these peoples were moving westwards.

Ac nid hwy oedd y cenhedloedd olaf; cawn weled y Sais a'r Norman, - dau dylwyth yn perthyn i'w gilydd fel y perthynai'r Gwyddel a'r Brython i'w gilydd, - yn dod â'r eu holau.

Nor were they the last peoples to arrive; we shall see the Englishman and the Norman—two peoples related to one another as the Goidel and the Briton were—coming in their wake.

Pan ddarlunnir Prydain i ni gan y Rhufeiniaid, y mae'n debyg fod yr Iwerddon a'r rhan fwyaf o fynyddoedd gorllewin Prydain yn eiddo'r Gwyddyl, ac yr oeddynt yn prysur ymgymysgu â'r Iberiaid oeddynt wedi gorchfygu.

When the Romans first describe Britain to us, it appears that Ireland and most of the mountains of western Britain belonged to the Goidels, who were rapidly intermingling with the Iberians they had conquered.

Dros yr holl wastadeddau yr oedd y Brythoniaid wedi ymledaenu, gan ymgymysgu â'r Gwyddyl a'r Iberiaid orchfygasent hwythau.

The Britons had spread across all the plains, intermingling with the Goidels and Iberians whom they too had conquered.

Pwy oedd yng Nghymru pan anwyd Crist?

Who inhabited Wales when Christ was born?

Yr oedd yma Iberiaid, Gwyddyl, a Brythoniaid.

There were Iberians, Goidels, and Britons here.

Yr oedd yr Iberiaid a'r Celtiaid wedi ymgymysgu dros y wlad.

The Iberians and Celts had become intermingled throughout the country.

Rhennid y wlad rhwng y ddau dylwyth Celtaidd, - rhwng y Gwyddyl a'r Brythoniaid.

The country was divided between the two Celtic peoples, the Goidels and the Britons.

Gwlad y Gwyddyl oedd Gwent, Morgannwg, Dyfed, a Gwynedd.

Gwent, Glamorgan, Dyfed, and Gwynedd were Goidelic territory.

Ac yr oedd y Gwyddyl yn dri llwyth, - y Demetæ yn Nyfed; y Silures yng Ngwent a Morgannwg; a llwyth Gwynedd, y tu hwnt i'r Ddyfrdwy a'r Mawddach.

The Goidels were divided into three tribes: the Demetae in Dyfed; the Silures in Gwent and Glamorgan; and the tribe of Gwynedd, beyond the Dee and the Mawddach.

O'r Brythoniaid nid oedd ond un llwyth wedi cyrraedd Cymru, - yr Ordovices: a chanolbarth Cymru, mynyddoedd y Berwyn a'r Aran a Phlunlumon, oedd eiddo hwn.

Of the Britons, only one tribe had reached Wales: the Ordovices, whose territory comprised central Wales, including the Berwyn, Aran, and Plynlimon mountains.

Gwelir felly fod y Gwyddyl wedi ymdaenu dros ein holl wlad, ac wedi ymgymysgu â'r Iberiaid bychan pryd du.

It can therefore be seen that the Goidels had spread throughout our entire country and had intermingled with the small, dark-complexioned Iberians.

A gwelir fod yr Ordovices Brythonig wedi ymwthio drwy ganol y llwythau Gwyddelig hyd nes y cyrhaeddasant y môr, gan rannu Cymru Wyddelig yn ddwy.

And it can be seen that the Brittonic Ordovices had pushed through the midst of the Goidelic tribes until they reached the sea, dividing Goidelic Wales in two.

Tywyll iawn, hyd yn hyn, ydyw'r hanes am yr ymdrech rhwng y Gwyddel a'r Brython.

The history of the struggle between the Goidel and the Briton remains very obscure to this day.

Y mae eu caerau eto'n aros hyd aeliau ein bryniau, ond mud ydynt,—nid oes neb wedi eu dysgu i ddweud eu hanes.

Their hillforts still stand along the brows of our hills, but they are silent—no one has taught them to tell their story.

Hwyrach mai trwy ganolbarth Cymru yr oedd yr Iberiad a'r Gwyddel wedi mynd i'r Iwerddon, ac mai mynd i'r gorllewin a'r eu holau yr oedd y Brython.

Perhaps the Iberian and the Goidel had reached Ireland by way of central Wales, while the Briton had followed them westwards.

Hwyrach fod y Brython hefyd wedi ymledaenu dros Gymru i gyd; ac mai dod o'r Iwerddon yn eu holau, oherwydd diffyg lle ac amlder gelynion yno, ddarfu'r tylwythau welodd y Rhufeiniaid yng Ngwynedd ac yn y Deheubarth.

Perhaps the Britons also spread throughout the whole of Wales, and the tribes whom the Romans found in Gwynedd and Deheubarth may have come from Ireland in their wake, driven out by lack of space and the multitude of their enemies there.

Hwyrach fod y llwythau hyn hefyd wedi mynd i'r Iwerddon hyd y llwybr Brythonig trwy ganol Cymru, wedi ymrannu yn ddau dylwyth yn y wlad honno,—y naill yn troi tua'r gogledd a'r llall tua'r de,—ac yna wedi troi'n ôl i Gymru.

Perhaps these tribes too had travelled to Ireland along the Brittonic route through central Wales, divided into two peoples in that country—one turning north and the other south—and then returned to Wales.

Beth bynnag am y dull y daeth, y mae'n amlwg fod y Celt wedi dod, ac wedi gorchfygu'r Iberiad oedd yma o'i flaen; ac y mae'n eglur fod y Celt a'r Iberiad wedi mynd yn un genedl.

Whatever the route by which he came, it is clear that the Celt arrived and conquered the Iberian who had preceded him here; and it is equally clear that the Celt and the Iberian became one people.

Y mae'n hawdd esbonio pam y gorchfygodd y Celt hefyd,—yr oedd yn gryfach.

It is easy to explain why the Celt conquered as well: he was stronger.

Yr oedd ganddo hefyd, yn ôl pob tebyg, arfau pres; ac nid peth hawdd oedd i ddyn bychan heb ddim ond carreg yn ei law wrthsefyll dyn mawr yn meddu tarian a phicell o bres.

He also probably possessed bronze weapons; and it was no easy task for a small man armed with nothing but a stone to withstand a large man carrying a bronze shield and spear.

O'r ddau yma,—y Dafydd a'r Goliath,—y mae'r Cymro wedi dod.

From these two—the David and the Goliath—has the Welshman descended.

Y mae wedi etifeddu athrylith freuddwydiol y naill ac ynni y llall; cafodd delyn Dafydd a tharian Goliath.

He has inherited the one man's dreamlike genius and the other's strength; he received David's harp and Goliath's shield.

Y mae llawer o'r Iberiad eto yn ei natur, a llawer mwy nag sydd o'r Celt.

Much of the Iberian still remains in his nature, and considerably more than of the Celt.

Yr Iberiad roddodd iddo ei naws grefyddol, ei gariad at gerdd, a'i athrylith droeog wyllt.

It was the Iberian who gave him his religious temperament, his love of poetry, and his wild, wayward genius.

Ni synnwn i pe profid mai o anialwch diderfyn y dwyrain y daeth.

I should not be surprised if it were proved that he came from the boundless deserts of the East.

Fel cragen yn cario sur môr gyda hi i bob man, y mae'r Cymro wedi cadw syniadau'r anialwch drwy ei holl grwydradau a'i hanes, - hiraeth am dragwyddoldeb, ymdeimlad parhaus o bresenoldeb Duw, gallu i greu drychfeddyliau, - gallu i ymhyfrydu mewn unigedd a distawrwydd, - y mae adlais o'r anialwch mawr pruddglwyfus yn ei gân, y mae ysbryd mawredd yr anialwch ym mhob meddwl o'i eiddo.

Like a shell carrying the salt of the sea wherever it goes, the Welshman has preserved the ideas of the desert throughout all his wanderings and history: a longing for eternity, a constant awareness of God's presence, an ability to create visions, and a capacity to delight in solitude and silence. An echo of the vast, melancholy desert resounds in his song, and the spirit of the desert's grandeur inhabits every thought of his.

Ac y mae presenoldeb y mynyddoedd yn cadw'r hen argraffiadau hyn yn fyw.

And the presence of the mountains keeps these ancient impressions alive.

Damcaniaeth efrydwyr penglog ac iaith ydyw dweud, mai o'r dwyrain ac o'r anialwch y daeth yr Iberiad; ond pan gofir mor gyfaddas i feddwl Cymro ydyw'r Hen Destament, nid ydyw'n anodd credu mai brodyr o'r anialwch ydyw'r Cymro a'r Hebrewr.

It is the theory of students of skulls and languages that the Iberian came from the East and from the desert; but when one remembers how naturally the Old Testament accords with the Welsh mind, it is not difficult to believe that the Welshman and the Hebrew are brothers of the desert.