A History of Wales, Volume I: I

I

I

Hanes Cymru O M Edwards Cyf I (testun cyfansawdd)

A History of Wales by O. M. Edwards, Volume I (composite text)

YNG NGWLAD ARTHUR Y RHAMANTAU.

IN THE LAND OF ARTHUR THE ROMANTICISTS.

HANES CYMRU I YSGOLlON, CYFARFODYDD LLENYDDOL, A THEULUOEDD

A HISTORY OF WALES FOR SCHOOLS, LITERARY SOCIETIES, AND FAMILIES

RHAN I.

PART I.

Hyd Farwolaeth Gruffydd ab Llywelyn yn 1063

Up to the Death of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn in 1063

[TRYDYDD ARGRAFFIAD] GAN

[THIRD EDITION] BY

OWEN M.

OWEN M.

EDVARDS, M.A.,

EDWARDS, M.A.,

RHYDYCHEN

OXFORD

CAERNARFON: SWYDDFA CYMRU 1911

CAERNARFON: WELSH OFFICE, 1911

Hanes Cymru - Owen M Edwards

A History of Wales - Owen M. Edwards

Cyfrol 1

Volume 1

RHAGYMADRODD

PREFACE

Ail argraffiad ydyw y rhan fwyaf or llyfr bychan hwn o'r penodau ymddanghosodd yng nghyfrolau cyntaf Cymru .

Most of this little book is a second edition of chapters that appeared in the early volumes of Cymru (Wales).

Y mae'r cyfrolau hynny wedi mynd yn brin erbyn hyn; ac nis ceir hwy ond trwy daro bargen ail law; ac felly y mae'r ffordd yn rhydd i mi ail argraffu'r penodau hanes.

Those volumes have now become scarce, and can only be obtained by finding a second-hand bargain; consequently, the way is clear for me to reprint the historical chapters.

Yr oedd trefn y penodau, fel yr ymddanghosasant, yn gwneyd yr hanes ychydig y fwy dyrus nag y dylasai fod; yn yr argraffiad hwn y mae'r penodau wedi eu hail drefnu o'r dechreu i'r diwedd, er mwyn i'r hanes fod yn gliriach.

The arrangement of the chapters as they originally appeared made the history somewhat more confusing than it ought to have been. In this edition, the chapters have been rearranged from beginning to end so that the history may be clearer.

Addawodd y rhai sy'n rheoli arholiadau lleol Rhydychen roddi Cymraeg ar restr eu testynau, ar yr amod fod i'r penodau hyn gael eu cyhoeddi yn ffurf llawlyfr hylaw.

Those who administer the Oxford Local Examinations promised to include Welsh on their list of subjects, on condition that these chapters were published in the form of a convenient handbook.

Bwriedir ef hefyd ar gyfer Ysgolion Canolraddol, ar gyfer y cyfarfodydd llenyddol roddir ymron i gyd i ddysgu hanes Cymru, ac ar gyfer aelwydydd Cymreig.

It is also intended for Intermediate Schools, for literary meetings devoted almost entirely to teaching the history of Wales, and for Welsh homes.

Yn y bennod gyntaf rhoddir desgrifiad byr o wlad y Cymry.

In the first chapter, a brief description is given of the land of the Welsh.

Y mae'n amhosibl deall hanes unrhyw wlad heb wybod am ffurf a natur ei daear.

It is impossible to understand the history of any country without knowing the shape and nature of its terrain.

Gall yr athraw ychwanegu at y darluniau roddir o'r mynyddoedd; goreu po fwyaf o fanylion ddysgir am ddaearyddiaeth a daeareg.

The teacher can add to the illustrations of the mountains provided here; the more detail that is learned about geography and geology, the better.

Sylwer mai rywbryd rhwng 577 a 613 y dechreuodd y mynyddwyr alw eu hunain yn Gymry, a'u gwlad yn Gymru: ond gelwir hwy ar yr enwau hyn o'r dechreu yn w llyfr hwn, er mwyn eglurder.

Note that it was sometime between 577 and 613 that the people of the mountains began to call themselves Cymry (the Welsh), and their country Cymru (Wales). For the sake of clarity, however, they are referred to by these names from the beginning of this book.

Yn yr ail bennod desgrifir y bobl y ffurfiwyd y genedl Gymreig o honynt.

The second chapter describes the peoples from whom the Welsh nation was formed.

Yr Iberiaid ddaeth i ddechreu, yna'r Gwyddyl Celtaidd, yna'r Brythoniaid Celtaidd - hwy yw corff mawr y genedl.

First came the Iberians, then the Celtic Gaels, and then the Celtic Britons, who form the main body of the nation.

Yna daeth Rhufeinwyr, Eingl, Saeson, cenhedloedd duon, Normaniaid, ac y mae dyfodiaid yn dod o hyd.

Then came the Romans, Angles, Saxons, dark-skinned peoples, and Normans; and newcomers continue to arrive.

Yn y drydedd bennod desgrifir y Rhufeiniaid roddodd atalfa am ennyd ar grwydriadau'r cenhedloedd tua'r gorllewin.

The third chapter describes the Romans, who for a time brought the westward migrations of the peoples to a halt.

Gwnaethant Brydain hefyd yn rhan o'u hymerodraeth, gorchfygasant lwythau rhyfelgar Cymru, newidiasant lawer agwedd ar eu bywyd, a gadawsant ar eu holau deimlad fod yr ynys yn un, a fod pawb i ufuddhau i un brenin.

They also made Britain part of their empire, conquered the warlike tribes of Wales, changed many aspects of their way of life, and left behind a sense that the island was one, and that all should obey a single king.

Erbyn eu hymadawiad hwy, yr oedd mwyafrif y Cymry'n Gristionogion hefyd.

By the time the Romans departed, most of the Welsh had also become Christians.

Yn y bedwaredd bennod adroddir hanes y cenhedloedd Teutonaidd barbaraidd yn torri trwy'r caerau oedd ar draeth dwyreiniol Lloegr, yn ennill gwastadedd Lloegr, ac yna yn cau am fynyddoedd Cymru.

The fourth chapter recounts how the barbarian Teutonic peoples broke through the fortifications along the eastern coast of England, conquered the English plains, and then pressed towards the mountains of Wales.

Yn y bumed bennod cesglir traddodiadau am yr ymladd rhwng y Cymry a'r barbariaid, traddodiadau sydd wedi ymglymu yn enw Arthur arwr dychymyg Cymru

The fifth chapter brings together traditions about the battles between the Welsh and the barbarians, traditions that have become entwined with the name of Arthur, the hero of Welsh imagination.

Yn y chweched bennod ceir hanes Maelgwn Gwynedd a'i deulu.

The sixth chapter tells the story of Maelgwn Gwynedd and his family.

Hwy unodd Gymru gyntaf wedi cwymp y Rhufeiniaid, eu llynges hwy amddiffynnodd ei glannau, saint eu dyddiau hwy orffennodd ennill Cymru i Grist.

They were the first to unite Wales after the fall of the Romans; their fleet defended its shores, and the saints of their time completed the conversion of Wales to Christianity.

Yn y seithfed bennod adroddir hanes brwydr Caer, - y frwydr benderfynodd lle yr oedd terfynau Cymru i fod.

The seventh chapter recounts the Battle of Chester, the battle that determined where the boundaries of Wales were to lie.

Y mae hanes dyddorol i'r hen dref hon, yr olaf o'r dinasoedd mawr Rhufeinig i herio'r barbariaid.

This ancient town has an interesting history; it was the last of the great Roman cities to defy the barbarians.

Yn yr wythfed bennod darlunir ymdrech Cadwallon i enill y gogledd yn ol, ac i wneyd y mur yn derfyn gogleddol i Gymru drachefn.

The eighth chapter describes Cadwallon's efforts to win back the north and once again make the Wall the northern boundary of Wales.

O'r diwedd cyll y Cymry unbennaetb yr ynys; ac nid yw brenin Cymru onid un ymysg nifer o frenhinoedd cedyrn o'i mhewn.

At last the Welsh lost their supremacy over the island, and the king of Wales became merely one among a number of powerful kings within it.

Wedi gweled terfynau gweddol eglur rhwng y Cymry a'u cymdogion, gwelwn, yn y nawfed bennod, elyn newydd yn dod o du'r mor,- y cenhedloedd duon.

Having seen reasonably clear boundaries established between the Welsh and their neighbours, we encounter, in the ninth chapter, a new enemy arriving from across the sea: the dark-skinned peoples.

Ymosodid ar Gymru'n awr o'r mor ac o'r tir.

Wales was now attacked from both sea and land.

Rhodri Mawr oedd prif dywysog y dyddiau hyn; a'i wyr, Howel Dda, gasglodd gyfreithiau ei wlad.

Rhodri the Great was the foremost prince of this age, and his grandson, Hywel the Good, compiled the laws of his country.

Yn y ddegfed bennod adroddir hanes dau frenin mwyaf Cymru yn y cyfnod hwn, - Llewelyn ab Seisyllt a Gruffydd ab Llywelyn

The tenth chapter recounts the lives of two of Wales's greatest kings of this period: Llywelyn ap Seisyllt and Gruffydd ap Llywelyn.

Yn yr unfed bennod ar ddeg ceir cipolwg ar hen grefyddau Cymru; allor goch y derwydd Iberaidd, yr addoli hynafiaid Celtaidd, yr hen dduwiau.

The eleventh chapter offers a glimpse of the ancient religions of Wales: the red altar of the Iberian druid, Celtic ancestor worship, and the old gods.

Yn y bennod olaf amlinellir hanes Cristionogaeth yng Nghymru, - y tyfu, y trefnu, yr ymrannu, y rheoli gan y saint, yr ymdrech yn erbyn Rhufain a Lloegr.

The final chapter outlines the history of Christianity in Wales: its growth, organisation, divisions, governance by the saints, and struggle against Rome and England.

Yna rhoddir trem ar ddadblygiad bywyd Cymru hyd 1063, - ei daearyddiaeth, ei bwystfilod, ei thrigolion, a dull bywyd ei hanes.

Finally, an overview is given of the development of Welsh life up to 1063: its geography, its animals, its inhabitants, and the character of its historical way of life.

CYNHWYSIAD

CONTENTS

RHAGYMADRODD

PREFACE

PENNOD I CYMRU Daear Cymru.

CHAPTER I WALES The Land of Wales.

Mynyddoedd wedi eu hamgylchu gan wastadedd a mor, cadarnle anibyniaeth a chartref ymraniad.

Mountains surrounded by plains and sea, a stronghold of independence and a home of division.

Prif deuluoedd y mynyddoedd,-Eryri, y Berwyn, Plumlumon, y Mynydd Du.

The principal mountain groups: Snowdonia, the Berwyns, Plynlimon, and the Black Mountains.

PENNOD II Y CENHEDLOEDD CRWYDR

CHAPTER II THE MIGRATING PEOPLES

Pobl Cymru, ddaeth yma'n don ar ol ton,

The peoples of Wales, who came here wave after wave,

I.

I.

Iberiaid.

Iberians.

Pobl fyrion pryd du o'r de.

Short, dark-complexioned people from the south.

Eu nodweddion.

Their characteristics.

Hwy yw prif elfen y genedl eto.

They still form the principal element of the nation.

II.

II.

Celtiaid (Brythoniaid a Gwyddyl).

Celts (Britons and Gaels).

Pobl dal bryd goleu, o ganolbarth Ewrob.

Tall, fair-complexioned people from Central Europe.

Eu hiaith hwy yw'r iaith Gymraeg.

Their language is the Welsh language.

III.

III.

Rhufeiniaid, yn rheolwyr, milwyr, a marsiandwyr.

Romans, as rulers, soldiers, and merchants.

IV.

IV.

Teutoniaid (Saeson, Eingl, &c.).

Teutons (Saxons, Angles, etc.).

Llwythau ddaeth o wastadeddau genau'r Rhein o 450 ymlaen. V.

Tribes that came from the plains around the mouth of the Rhine from 450 onwards. V.

Pobl gymysg- (a) Cenhedloedd duon, o benrhynnoedd y gogledd, -1081. (b) Normaniaid, Ffemingiaid, Llydawiaid, &c., 1063—1272.

A mixed population—(a) Dark-skinned peoples, from the northern peninsulas, up to 1081. (b) Normans, Flemings, Bretons, etc., 1063–1272.

(C) Dyfodiaid ereill,-milwyr, gweithwyr, &c., —hyd heddyw.

(C) Other newcomers—soldiers, workers, etc., continuing to the present day.

PENNOD III Y RHUFEINIAID

CHAPTER III THE ROMANS

Gwaith Rhufain-Atal y crwydro a rhoi trefn undeb ar y byd.

The Work of Rome—Stopping the Migrations and Establishing a Unified Order in the World.

Darganfod Prydain gan y Groegwr Pytheas.

The Discovery of Britain by the Greek Pytheas.

Ymweliad Cesar, 55 C.C.

Caesar's Visit, 55 BC.

Tua chan mlynedd wedyn, yn 43, y mae'r Rhufeiniaid yn penderfynu gwneyd Prydain yn rhan o'u hym- herodraeth.

About a hundred years later, in 43 AD, the Romans decided to make Britain part of their empire.

43-78.

43–78.

Y goncwest.

The Conquest.

Aulus Plautius, Ostorius Scapula, a'i frwydr fawr a Charadog ; Aulus Didius a Veranius a'r Silur- iaid ; Suetonins Paulinus yn difodi cartref derwyddon yn ynys Mon, ac yn llethu gwrthryfel Buddug: Julius Frontinus yn gorchfygu'r Siluriaid.

Aulus Plautius; Ostorius Scapula and his great battle with Caradog; Aulus Didius and Veranius and the Silures; Suetonius Paulinus destroying the home of the druids on the island of Mona and suppressing Boudica's revolt; Julius Frontinus conquering the Silures.

78—120.

78–120.

Y Rhufeneiddio.

Romanisation.

Daeth Agricola yn 78, i orffen gorchfygu ac i reoli'r wlad mewn trefn a heddwch.

Agricola arrived in 78 to complete the conquest and govern the country in an orderly and peaceful manner.

Gwneyd ffyrdd, adeiladu tai a dinasoedd, codi mwn.

Building roads, constructing houses and cities, and establishing mines.

120—250.

120–250.

Amddiffyn rhag y gelynion oedd yn torri i'r ymherodraeth.

Defence against the enemies who were breaking into the Empire.

Codi'r muriau.

Building the walls.

Hadrian a Severus.

Hadrian and Severus.

250-450.

250–450.

Y gwrthryfela.

The Rebellions.

Arweinwyr uchelgeisiol yn ymgodi'i deyrnasu.

Ambitious leaders rising up to rule.

Ymadawiad y llengoedd.

The Departure of the Legions.

Y barbariaid yn cau o gwmpas Prydain.

The Barbarians Closing in Around Britain.

PENNOD IV Y SAESON Prydain wedi ei rhannu yn ddwy gan y Rhufeiniaid,-talaeth wastad y de-ddwyrain a thalaeth fynyddig y gorllewin a'r gogledd.

CHAPTER IV THE SAXONS Britain had been divided into two parts by the Romans: the lowland province of the south-east and the mountainous province of the west and north.

Ymosod ar y ddwy tua 450; y Saeson a'r Eingl yn ymosod ar y traeth, a'r Pictiaid ar y mur.

Both were attacked around 450: the Saxons and Angles attacked along the coast, while the Picts attacked the Wall.

Darluniad Tacitus o'r Eingl a'r Saeson yn eu cartrefi.

Tacitus's description of the Angles and Saxons in their homelands.

Concwest Prydain.

The Conquest of Britain.

450-516.

450–516.

Concwest y tu de i'r Tafwys gan y Jutes (Caint), y South Saxons, a'r West Saxons (Gwent).

The conquest of the lands south of the Thames by the Jutes (Kent), the South Saxons, and the West Saxons (Wessex).

Eu gyrru yn eu holau ym Mrwydr Mynydd Baddon: wedi hyn y mae trymder y rhyfel hyd draeth y dwyrain, o'r Tafwys i'r Forth, hyd 577.

They were driven back at the Battle of Mount Badon. After this, the main theatre of war extended along the eastern coast, from the Thames to the Forth, until 577.

Yn 577 ail gychwynnodd y West Saxons dan Ceawlin, ac estynnodd buddugoliaeth Deorham eu terfynau i for yr Hafren.

In 577 the West Saxons resumed their advance under Ceawlin, and their victory at Deorham extended their boundaries to the Severn Sea.

Yn 613 daeth yr Eingl dan Aethel frith o'r gogledd, ac estynnodd buddugoliaeth Caer eu terfynau i'r mor ar draeth Dyffryn Maelor.

In 613 the Angles came from the north under Æthelfrith, and their victory at Chester extended their boundaries to the sea along the coast of the Maelor Valley.

Erbyn 613 y mae'r barbariaid wedi gorlifo'r gwastadedd ac wedi amgylchu Cymru.

By 613 the barbarians had overrun the lowlands and surrounded Wales.

PENNOD V ARTHUR

CHAPTER V ARTHUR

Y mae'r traddodiadau am yr ymladd rhwng Cymry'r dalaeth orllewinol a'r barbariaid (Pictiaid, Eingl, a Saeson) wedi casglu oddiamgylch Arthur.

The traditions concerning the battles between the Welsh of the western province and the barbarians (Picts, Angles, and Saxons) have gathered around the figure of Arthur.

Pwysigrwydd y mur; unbennaeth yr ynys yn eiddo i'w amddiffynnydd.

The importance of the Wall; supremacy over the island belonged to whoever defended it.

Yr Angl a'r Sais yn graddol hawlio bod yn breiwalda, dux Britanniarum , neu Wledig.

The Angle and the Saxon gradually claiming the title of Bretwalda, Dux Britanniarum, or Gwledig.

Y traddodiadau am yr hen dduwiau a'r hen arwyr; Rhonabwy yn eu gweled yn ymdeithio yn ei freuddwyd hyd ddyffryn Hafren; son yng nghaneuon Llyfr Du Caerfyrddia a Llyfr Coch Hergest am y mur ac am feddau'r dewrion.

The traditions concerning the ancient gods and heroes; Rhonabwy seeing them marching in his dream through the Severn Valley; references in the songs of the Black Book of Carmarthen and the Red Book of Hergest to the Wall and the graves of the brave.

PENNOD VI MAELGWN GWYNEDD

CHAPTER VI MAELGWN GWYNEDD

Gwaith Maelgwn Gwynedd oedd (1) symud cartref y Gwledig oddiwrth fur y Gogledd i Wynedd; (2) gorffen darostwng pob cenedl, yn Wyddyl a dyfodiaid, yng Nghymru; (3) gorffen darostwng derwyddiaeth i Gristionogaeth.

The work of Maelgwn Gwynedd was (1) to move the residence of the Gwledig from the Northern Wall to Gwynedd; (2) to complete the subjugation of every people in Wales, both the Gaels and the newcomers; (3) to complete the subordination of Druidism to Christianity.

Cunedda Wledig a'i achau, rhoddi Rhufeiniaid a hen dduwiau yn hynafiaid iddo.

Cunedda Wledig and his genealogy, with Romans and ancient gods assigned as his ancestors.

Maelgwn Gwynedd,-darluniad Gildas o hono tua 550.

Maelgwn Gwynedd—a description of him by Gildas around 550.

Gwr adawodd ei fynachlog a'i weddi, mewn amseroedd enbyd, i reoli ei wlad a braich gref a gwialen haearn.

A man who, in desperate times, left his monastery and his prayers to rule his country with a strong arm and an iron rod.

Maelgwn yn unben,-ei gader edyn.

Maelgwn as supreme ruler—his winged throne.

Ei lynges, a'r morladron.

His fleet and the sea raiders.

Ei deyrnasiad ar dywysogion a saint, a'u grwgnach.

His rule over princes and saints, and their murmuring.

Y Cenhadwr Cristionogol yn dilyn ei fyddinoedd a'i longau.

The Christian missionary following his armies and ships.

Yblander a grym a phechod ei fab Rhun.

The splendour, power, and sin of his son Rhun.

PENNOD VII BRWYDR CAER

CHAPTER VII THE BATTLE OF CHESTER

Prif dywysogion y Cymry, yr Eingl, a'r Saeson, o ymadawiad y Rhufeiniaid hvd 613, blwyddyn brwydr Caer.

The principal rulers of the Welsh, Angles, and Saxons, from the departure of the Romans until 613, the year of the Battle of Chester.

Pwysigrwydd Caer,—yn uno de a gogledd, dwyrain a gorllewin.

The importance of Chester—it united south and north, east and west.

Safodd hyd nes yr oedd y dinasoedd Rhufeinig ereill i gyd wedi cwympo.

It held out until all the other Roman cities had fallen.

Ymdrech Ceawlin a'r Saeson i'w chyrraedd yn 584.

Ceawlin and the Saxons' attempt to reach it in 584.

Ymgyrch yr Eingl ac Aethelfrith yn 613.

The campaign of the Angles and Æthelfrith in 613.

Cyflafan y mynachod, gorchfygu'r fyddin Gymreig, cymeryd y ddinas.

The massacre of the monks, the defeat of the Welsh army, and the capture of the city.

Effeithiau brwydr Caer.

The consequences of the Battle of Chester.

PENNOD VIII COLLI'R GOGLEDD

CHAPTER VIII THE LOSS OF THE NORTH

Yr ymdrech rhwng y Cymry a'r Eingl am y gogledd, y mur, a'r unbennaeth.

The struggle between the Welsh and the Angles for the north, the Wall, and supremacy.

Cadwallon ac Edwin.

Cadwallon and Edwin.

Buddugoliaeth Cadwallon trwy gyngrhair a Phenda, hen frenin paganaidd Mers.

Cadwallon's victory through an alliance with Penda, the old pagan king of Mercia.

Brwydr Croesoswallt.

The Battle of Oswestry.

Cwymp Cadwallon.

The Fall of Cadwallon.

Marw Cadwaladr.

The Death of Cadwaladr.

Diffyg undeb a brenhinoedd gweiniaid yng Nghymru; brenhinoedd cedyrn yn Lloegr.

The lack of unity and weak kings in Wales; powerful kings in England.

PENNOD IX Y CENHEDLOEDD DDUON

CHAPTER IX THE DARK-SKINNED PEOPLES

Cartref a chymeriad y cenhedloedd duon.

The homeland and character of the dark-skinned peoples.

Yn anrheithio Cymru'n druan yn adeg Cynan Tindaethwy, 815—840.

They grievously ravaged Wales during the time of Cynan Tindaethwy, 815–840.

Rhodri Mawr yn codi yn eu herbyn ; ac yn llwyddo, er gorfod ffoi un. waith o'u blaenau.

Rhodri the Great rose against them and succeeded, although he was once forced to flee before them.

Anhawsterau mawrion Rhodri Mawr.

The great difficulties faced by Rhodri the Great.

Brwydr Dydd Sul, a chwymp Rhodri.

The Battle of Sunday and the Fall of Rhodri.

Ei feibion a'i wyrion.

His Sons and Grandsons.

Hywel Dda a'i gyfraith.

Hywel the Good and His Laws.

Anghyfraith, ac ofn fod diwedd y byd gerllaw.

Lawlessness and the Fear that the End of the World Was Near.

PENNOD XI DAU FRENIN GALLUOG

CHAPTER XI TWO POWERFUL KINGS

Ymrafael ac ymladd ymysg y tywysogion.

Quarrels and Fighting Among the Princes.

Llywelyn ab Seisyll yn dechreu rhoi trefn ar Gymru.

Llywelyn ap Seisyll Begins to Bring Order to Wales.

Brwydr Aber Gwili.

The Battle of Aber Gwili.

Llwyddiant Llywelyn.

The Success of Llywelyn.

Trallodion newydd gyda'i farw; ei fab Gruffydd ar ffo.

New Troubles Following His Death; His Son Gruffydd in Flight.

1038.

1038.

Gruffydd ab Llywelyn yn dod yn ol.

Gruffydd ap Llywelyn Returns.

Brwydrau Rhyd y Groes a Phen Cader.

The Battles of Rhyd y Groes and Pen Cader.

Wedi uno Cymru, trodd Gruffydd yn erbyn Lloegr.

Having united Wales, Gruffydd turned against England.

Yn ymuno ag Aelfgar, iarll y Mers.

He Allies Himself with Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia.

Brwydr Henffordd.

The Battle of Hereford.

Yn 1062 dechreua'r ymdrech rhwng Gruffydd a Harold, iarll Wessex.

In 1062 the struggle between Gruffydd and Harold, Earl of Wessex, began.

Dau gynllun Harold.

Harold's Two Plans.

Bradychu Gruffydd, 1063.

The Betrayal of Gruffydd, 1063.

PENNOD XI YR HEN GREFYDD Darluniadau Iwl Cesar.

CHAPTER XI THE OLD RELIGION Descriptions by Julius Caesar.

Y derwyddon, eu lle a'u gwaith, a'u breintiau, yr archdderwydd.

The Druids, their position and duties, their privileges, and the Archdruid.

Trawsfudiad eneidiau.

The Transmigration of Souls.

Pobl grefyddol.

A Religious People.

Yr aberthau, adeg byw ac adeg marw.

Sacrifices, in Life and at Death.

Olion yr hen aberthu.

Traces of the Ancient Sacrifices.

Ai peth Iberaidd oedd derwyddiaeth?

Was Druidism of Iberian Origin?

Y gromlech.

The Cromlech.

Y bedd a'r ty.

The Grave and the House.

Da a drwg derwyddiaeth.

The Good and Evil of Druidism.

Yr hen dduwiau,-Lludd Llaw Arian, Myrdain, Llyr, Elen Luyddawg; Mâth, Gwydion ab Don, Ceridwen, Dwynwen, &c.; Ellyll, Naf, Angeu, Tegid, &c.

The Ancient Gods—Lludd of the Silver Hand, Myrddin, Llyr, Elen of the Hosts; Math, Gwydion ap Don, Ceridwen, Dwynwen, etc.; Ellyll, Naf, Death, Tegid, etc.

Cartrefi'r hen grefydd, -Yr Allor Goch, Gorsedd Arberth, Cader Idris, Ffynnon Gybi, Ffynnon Gwenffrewi.

The Sacred Sites of the Old Religion—the Red Altar, the Court of Arberth, Cadair Idris, St Cybi's Well, and St Gwenffrewi's Well.

PENNOD XII Y GREFYDD NEWYDD

CHAPTER XII THE NEW RELIGION

Dechreu hanes eglwys y Cymry.

The Beginning of the History of the Welsh Church.

Cyfnod y tyfu, 200-300, yng ngoleu tanau'r erlid.

The Period of Growth, 200–300, in the Light of the Fires of Persecution.

Cyfnod y trefnu, 300—400 ; esgobion Prydeinig yng Nghynghorau Arles a Nicea; tystiolaeth y Tadau; Padrig.

The Period of Organisation, 300–400; British bishops at the Councils of Arles and Nicaea; the testimony of the Church Fathers; Patrick.

Cyfnod yr heresiau, 400—500; Pelagius ac Awstin; brwydr Haleliwia; llif y barbariaid yn gwahanu Eglwys y Cyfandir ac Eglwys yr Ynys.

The Period of Heresies, 400–500; Pelagius and Augustine; the Alleluia Battle; the tide of barbarian invasions separating the Church of the Continent from the Church of the Island.

Cyfnod y Saint, 500—500; Dyfrig, Deiniol, Cyndeyrn, Cybi, Teilo, &c.; y deyrnas a'r esgobaeth.

The Age of the Saints, 500–600; Dyfrig, Deiniol, Cyndeyrn, Cybi, Teilo, etc.; the kingdom and the diocese.

Eglwys y Cymry ac Eglwys y Saeson wyneb yo wyneb; Awstin Fynach, Gregori, Derwen Awstin.

The Welsh Church and the English Church Face to Face; Augustine the Monk, Gregory, and the Oak of Augustine.

TREM YN ÔL .

A RETROSPECT.

Mynyddoedd yn aros; y coed a'r llysiau newydd.

The Mountains Remain; New Trees and Plants.

Yr arth, y blaidd, yr afanc, yr eryr; yr anifeiliaid dor; traddodiad am foch a gwenyn.

The Bear, the Wolf, the Beaver, and the Eagle; the Native Animals; Traditions Concerning Pigs and Bees.

Tonnau o genhedloedd yn troi'n haenau cymdeithas ; gwaed cymysg Iaith ac enw.

Waves of Peoples Becoming Layers of Society; Mixed Blood, Language, and Names.

Y taeog a'r teuluog.

The Serf and the Freeholder.

Cyfraith a llys- enwau.

Law and Court Terminology.

Ty a theulu.

House and Family.

NODION.-Hen raniadau Cymru, 14; Ffynhonellau hanes,

NOTES.—Ancient divisions of Wales, 14; Historical sources,

22, 38, 85; y goncwest Seisnig, 41, 46; 125, 6.

22, 38, 85; the English conquest, 41, 46; 125, 6.

AMSEROEDD

CHRONOLOGY

Dyfodiad yr Iberiaid.

Arrival of the Iberians.

Dyfodiad y Gwyddyl | Celtiaid

Arrival of the Gaels | Celts.

Dyfodiad y Brythoniaid.

Arrival of the Britons.

43—450 Dyfodiad y Rhufeiniaid.

43–450 Arrival of the Romans.

450—600 Dyfodiad yr Eingl, Saeson, &c.

450–600 Arrival of the Angles, Saxons, etc.

800—1000 Dyfodiad y Cenhedloedd Duon.

800–1000 Arrival of the Dark-Skinned Peoples.

1000— Dechreu dyfodiad y Normaniaid.

1000—Beginning of the Arrival of the Normans.

C.C.

BC.

330 Pytheas yn darganfod Prydain.

330 Pytheas discovers Britain.

55 Iwl Cesar yn gorchfygu Caswallon.

55 Julius Caesar defeats Caswallon.

Geni Crist.

The Birth of Christ.

50 Orosius yn gorchfygu Caradog a'r Siluriaid.

50 Orosius defeats Caradog and the Silures.

55 Nero'n anfon Suetonius, yntau'n anfon y llengoedd i ynys Mon.

55 Nero sends Suetonius, who in turn sends the legions to the island of Mona.

78 Agricola’n gorchfygu'r Ordovices, ac yn rheoli Cymru.

78 Agricola conquers the Ordovices and establishes Roman rule over Wales.

80—450 Cymru'n rhan o dalaeth Rufeinig gorllewin Prydain.

80–450 Wales forms part of the Roman province of western Britain.

200— 450 Cenhedloedd y gogledd yn ymosod ar ymherodraeth Rhufain.

200–450 The northern peoples attack the Roman Empire.

Y Pictiaid, Eingl, Saeson, &c., yn ymosod ar draeth Prydain.

The Picts, Angles, Saxons, etc., attack the shores of Britain.

200 Cristionogaeth ym Mhrydain.

200 Christianity in Britain.

288 Carausius yn cyhoeddi anibyniaeth.

288 Carausius declares independence.

Coroni Cystenyn Fawr ym Mhrydain.

Constantine the Great is crowned in Britain.

400 Pererinion Prydeinig yng Nghaersalem.

400 British Pilgrims in Jerusalem.

450 Ymadawiad y llengoedd Rhufeinig.

450 Departure of the Roman Legions.

450–516 Y Saeson yn meddiannu deheudir Lloegr.

450–516 The Saxons occupy southern England.

516 Brwydr Mynydd Baddon.

516 Battle of Mount Badon.

Geni Gildas.

Birth of Gildas.

5164-613 Yr Eingl yn meddiannu gogledd Lloegr.

564–613 The Angles occupy northern England.

550 Maelgwn Gwynedd yn uno Cymru.

550 Maelgwn Gwynedd unites Wales.

577 Brwydr Deorham.

577 Battle of Deorham.

534 Brwydr Fethanlea.

534 Battle of Fethanlea.

613 Brwydr Caer.

613 Battle of Chester.

633 Brwydr Heathfield.

633 Battle of Heathfield.

Cadwallon yn gorchfygu Edwin.

Cadwallon defeats Edwin.

635 Cadwallon yn cwympo, ym mrwydr Heavenfield, wrth y mur.

635 Cadwallon falls at the Battle of Heavenfield, near the Wall.

642 Brwydr Maserfield.

642 Battle of Maserfield.

655 Brwydr Winwaedfield.

655 Battle of Winwaedfield.

664 Marw Cadwaladr.

664 Death of Cadwaladr.

686 Brwydi Dun Nechtain; gorchfygu'r Eingl.

686 Battle of Dun Nechtain; the Angles are defeated.

755 Marw Rhodri Molwynog.

755 Death of Rhodri Molwynog.

Offa ym Mercia.

Offa in Mercia.

815 Marw Cynan Tindaethwy.

815 Death of Cynan Tindaethwy.

840 Marw Merfyn Frych, Rhodri Mawr yn teyrnasu.

840 Death of Merfyn Frych; Rhodri the Great comes to the throne.

877 Rhodri ar ffo.

877 Rhodri flees.

878 Brwydr Dydd Sul.

878 Battle of Sunday.

S80 Brwydr Aber Conwy—dial Rhodri.

880 Battle of Aberconwy—the revenge of Rhodri.

908 Marw Cadell.

908 Death of Cadell.

915 Marw Anarawd.

915 Death of Anarawd.

950 Marw Hywel Dda.

950 Death of Hywel the Good.

999 Ofn fod diwedd y byd yn ymyl.

999 Fear that the end of the world is near.

1010 Llywelyn ab Seisyllt yn frenin Cymru.

1010 Llywelyn ab Seisyllt becomes King of Wales.

1027 Marw Llywelyn ab Seisyllt.

1027 Death of Llywelyn ab Seisyllt.

1038 Gruffydd ab Llywelyn yn frenin Cymru.

1038 Gruffydd ab Llywelyn becomes King of Wales.

1039 Brwydr Rhyd y Groes.

1039 Battle of Rhyd y Groes.

1041 Brwydr Pen Cader.

1041 Battle of Pen Cader.

1044 Brwydr Aber Tywi.

1044 Battle of Aber Tywi.

1054 Gruffydd yn ymdeithio i Loegr.

1054 Gruffydd marches into England.

1058 Yn adfer Aelfgar i iarllaeth Mercia.

1058 He restores Aelfgar to the earldom of Mercia.

1062 Yr ymdrech rhwng Gruffydd a Harold.

1062 The struggle between Gruffydd and Harold.

1063 Bradychu Gruffydd ab Llywelyn.

1063 The betrayal of Gruffydd ab Llywelyn.

RHAI O BRIF DDIGWYDDIADAU'Y.

SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF THE.

BYD HYD 1063

WORLD UP TO 1063

9 Gorchfygu'r Rhufeiniaid gan y barbariad Arminius.

9 The Romans are defeated by the barbarian Arminius.

333 Yr ymherawdwr Cystenyn yn marw'n Gristion.

333 The Emperor Constantine dies a Christian.

525– 565 Buddugoliaethau a chyfreithiau Justinian.

525–565 The victories and laws of Justinian.

622 Mahomet yn dianc o Mecca i Medina.

622 Muhammad flees from Mecca to Medina.

732 Gorchfygu'r Mahometaniaid ym mrwydr Tours.

732 The Muslims are defeated at the Battle of Tours.

800 Siarl Fawr yn ymherawdwr y byd.

800 Charlemagne becomes Emperor of the World.

1000 Anrhefn, ac ofn fod diwedd y byd yn ymyl.

1000 Disorder, and fear that the end of the world is near.

Cynnwrf ymysg y cenhedloedd.

Turmoil among the nations.

Gobaith, a dechreu llawer newydd

Hope, and the beginning of many new things

ERYRI

SNOWDONIA

HANES CYMRU Cyfrol I - O. M.

A HISTORY OF WALES Volume I - O. M.

EDWARDS PENNOD I - CYMRU

EDWARDS CHAPTER I - WALES

O'r môr a'r gwastadeddau sy'n eu hamgylchu, gellir gweled mil mynyddoedd Cymru'n ymgodi tua'r nef.

From the sea and the plains that surround them, a thousand mountains of Wales may be seen rising towards the sky.

I estron, y mae golwg ryfedd a gwyllt a dieithr arnynt: i Gymro crwydredig y mae pob peth ond hwy'n ddieithr - ar wastadeddau pellaf y ddaear Lloegr hwy, mewn dychymyg a hiraeth, yn ei groesawu'n ôl.

To a stranger, they have a strange and wild and unfamiliar look: to a wandering Welshman everything but they is unfamiliar - on the farthest plains of the earth of England they, in imagination and longing, welcome him back.

Os mynnir deall hanes Cymru, ac os mynnir adnabod enaid y Cymro, rhaid dechrau gyda'r mynyddoedd.

If one wishes to understand the history of Wales, and if one wishes to know the soul of the Welshman, one must begin with the mountains.

Hwy fedr esbonio datblygiad hanes Cymru, - dangos paham y mae'n wlad ar wahân, pam mae'n rhanedig, ac eto'n un.

They can explain the development of the history of Wales - show why it is a country apart, why it is divided, and yet one.

Hwy fedr esbonio cymeriad amlochrog y Cymro,- eu haruthredd gwyllt hwy a thawelwch eu cadernid hwy sydd wedi ymddelwi yn ei enaid, enaid mor lawn o rinweddau ac mor lawn o ddiffygion.

They can explain the many-sided character of the Welshman - their wild ruggedness and the calm of their strength have impressed themselves upon his soul, a soul as full of virtues and as full of faults.

Wrth edrych ar fap o Brydain, gwelwn ei bod yn ymrannu'n ddwyrain ac yn orllewin.

Looking at a map of Britain, we see that it divides into an east and a west.

Ar hyd ei thraethell orllewinol ymestyn rhes hir o fynyddoedd uchel, gan edrych, dros fryniau'r Iwerddon , tua'r môr mawr agored, a'r dyfodol.

Along its western coast stretches a long row of high mountains, looking, over the hills of Ireland, towards the great open sea, and the future.

Ond gwastadedd ydyw'r rhan ddwyreiniol, yn edrych yn ôl, dros gulfor, tua'r hen fyd.

But the eastern part is a plain, looking back, over a strait, towards the old world.

Mewn rhyw dri lle neu bedwar, y mae toriad yn y rhes o fynyddoedd, ac ymestyn y gwastadedd, trwy'r agoriadau hyn, i fin môr y gorllewin.

In some three or four places, there is a break in the row of mountains, and the plain extends, through these openings, to the shore of the western sea.

Rhennir y mynydd-dir, felly, yn wahanol wledydd, - Cernyw , Cymru, Ystrad Clwyd , a'r Alban , - gyda llinell droeog glan y môr yn derfyn ar ochr y gorllewin, a chyda gwastadeddau [w:Lloegr|Lloegr]] ar ochr y dwyrain.

The mountain land is thus divided into different countries - Cornwall, Wales, Strathclyde, and Scotland - with a winding coastline as a boundary on the western side, and with the plains of [w:England|England] on the eastern side.

Ymestyn Cymru allan i'r môr, a golchir godrau ei mynyddoedd ganddo ar dri thu, - y gogledd, y gorllewin, a'r de.

Wales extends out into the sea, and the edges of its mountains are washed by it on three sides - the north, the west, and the south.

I'r dwyrain gorwedd gwastadedd Lloegr, yr hwn dery fôr y gorllewin wrth enau'r Ddyfrdwy, gan wahanu Cymru oddi wrth Ystrad Clwyd, ac wrth enau'r Hafren, gan wahanu Cymru oddi wrth Gernyw.

To the east lies the plain of England, which the western sea cuts at the mouth of the Dee, separating Wales from Strathclyde, and at the mouth of the Severn, separating Wales from Cornwall.

Gwelir ar unwaith fod natur wedi gwahanu Cymru oddi wrth rannau eraill Prydain, a fod iddi ei hanes priodol ei hun.

It is seen at once that nature has separated Wales from the other parts of Britain, and that it has its own proper history.

Ymgyfyd ei mynyddoedd mewn annibyniaeth naturiol uwchlaw'r gwastadedd, yn bod, bydd gwahaniaeth hanfodol rhwng Cymry'r bryniau a Saeson y gwastadeddau; er y gallant ymuno at lawer amcan, at lawer amcan arall rhaid iddynt fod byth ar wahân.

Its mountains rise in natural independence above the plain; there being, there will be an essential difference between the Welsh of the hills and the English of the plains; though they may unite for many a purpose, for many another purpose they must be forever apart.

Y mae gwir yng ngeiriau'r bardd ddarluniodd y mynyddoedd,

There is truth in the words of the poet who pictured the mountains,

"Dyma gastell gododd Duw,

"Here is a castle that God raised,

Ar eira ar ei ben,

With snow upon its head,

I anibyniaeth Cymru fyw,

For the independence of Wales to live,

Ar frig Eryri wen.

On the summit of white Snowdon."

"

Os ydyw ei mynyddoedd yn gwahanu Cymru oddi wrth bobman arall, y maent yn ei rhannu hefyd - heblaw ysbryd annibyniaeth cawn ynddi ysbryd ymbleidio ac ymsectu.

If its mountains separate Wales from everywhere else, they also divide it - besides a spirit of independence we find in it a spirit of faction and partisanship.

Pe buasai natur wedi gwastadau pennau'r mynyddoedd a llenwi'r dyffrynnoedd dyfnion sy'n eu rhannu, gan wneud y wlad yn wastad yn ogystal ag yn uchel, buasai Cymru'n unol yn ogystal ag yn annibynnol.

Had nature levelled the tops of the mountains and filled the deep valleys that divide them, making the country flat as well as high, Wales would have been united as well as independent.

Ond ymsaetha'r mynyddoedd i fyny, mewn afreoleidd-dra rhamantus, a rhennir y wlad gan afonydd sy'n gwneud eu dyffrynnoedd yn ddyfnach bob dydd.

But the mountains shoot up, in romantic irregularity, and the country is divided by rivers that make their valleys deeper every day.