Mianownik i biernik
Master identifying subjects and direct objects across all singular and plural noun genders.
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a cat (nominative singular)
The subject form of a masculine animate noun representing a cat. Used when the cat is performing the action in the sentence.
Twój kot znowu śpi na mojej klawiaturze.
Your cat is sleeping on my keyboard again.
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a cat (accusative singular)
The direct object form of the masculine animate noun 'kot'. In Polish, masculine animate nouns take the same ending as the genitive case (-a) when functioning as direct objects.
Przykro mi, ale nie widziałem dzisiaj twojego kota.
I'm sorry, but I haven't seen your cat today.
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dogs (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the masculine animal noun 'pies'. It can function either as the subject (nominative) or as the direct object (accusative) because masculine animate non-personal plurals share these forms.
Sąsiedzi wyprowadzają swoje psy trzy razy dziennie.
The neighbors walk their dogs three times a day.
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a dog (nominative singular)
The basic dictionary and subject form of a masculine animate noun representing a dog. It identifies the agent performing the main verb's action.
Ten wielki pies szczeka całą noc i nie daje mi spać.
That big dog barks all night and keeps me awake.
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a book (nominative singular)
The subject form of a feminine noun meaning 'book'. It is used when the book itself is the main focus or subject doing the action.
Ta nowa książka leży na stole od zeszłego tygodnia.
That new book has been lying on the table since last week.
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a book (accusative singular)
The direct object form of the feminine noun 'książka'. Feminine singular nouns ending in '-a' change their ending to '-ę' when receiving the action of a transitive verb.
Muszę w końcu zwrócić tę książkę do biblioteki.
I finally need to return this book to the library.
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books (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the feminine noun 'książka'. It acts as either the subject or the direct object, as feminine plural nouns maintain identical forms for both cases.
Gdzie kupiłeś te świetne książki o architekturze?
Where did you buy those great books about architecture?
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an apple (nominative/accusative singular)
A neuter singular noun representing an apple. Because it is neuter, the form remains exactly the same whether it acts as the subject or the direct object.
To zielone jabłko jest niesamowicie kwaśne.
This green apple is incredibly sour.
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apples (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the neuter noun 'jabłko'. It functions as both the plural subject and the plural direct object, characteristic of all neuter nouns.
Pokrój te dwa jabłka do sałatki, proszę.
Slice those two apples into the salad, please.
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a woman (nominative singular)
The standard subject and dictionary form of the feminine noun meaning 'woman'. It is used to indicate that a woman is the performer of the sentence's action.
Tamta kobieta w czerwonym płaszczu pytała o ciebie.
That woman in the red coat was asking about you.
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a woman (accusative singular)
The direct object form of the feminine noun 'kobieta'. Feminine singular nouns ending in '-a' shift to the nasal vowel ending '-ę' when they receive the action of a transitive verb.
Znam tę kobietę z widzenia, często spotykam ją w parku.
I know that woman by sight; I often run into her in the park.
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women (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the feminine noun 'kobieta'. For feminine nouns, this form functions identically as the subject (nominative) or as the direct object (accusative) in a sentence.
Te trzy kobiety prowadzą własną firmę programistyczną.
These three women run their own software development company.
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a man (nominative singular)
The subject form of a masculine personal noun meaning 'man'. Although it has a feminine literal ending (-a) and declines like a feminine noun in the singular, it grammatically denotes a masculine subject.
Jakiś mężczyzna zostawił swój portfel przy kasie.
Some man left his wallet at the checkout counter.
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a man (accusative singular)
The direct object form of the masculine noun 'mężczyzna'. Because it follows the feminine declension paradigm in the singular, the nominative '-a' mutates to the accusative '-ę' when targeted by a transitive verb.
Policja pytała o tego mężczyznę z nagrania z monitoringu.
The police were asking about that man from the security footage.
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men (nominative plural)
The subject plural form for the masculine personal noun 'mężczyzna'. This specific palatalized ending is used exclusively for virile (masculine personal) groups performing an action.
Wszyscy mężczyźni w tej rodzinie pracują jako strażacy.
All the men in this family work as firefighters.
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men (accusative plural)
The direct object plural form of 'mężczyzna'. For masculine personal nouns, the accusative plural matches the genitive plural form, dropping the singular ending to leave a bare consonant stem.
Firma planuje zatrudnić dodatkowych mężczyzn do pracy fizycznej.
The company plans to hire additional men for manual labor.
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a child (nominative/accusative singular)
A neuter singular noun representing a child. Like all neuter nouns in Polish, the subjective form (nominative) and the objective form (accusative) are identical.
Nasze dziecko uwielbia bawić się klockami lego.
Our child loves playing with Lego blocks.
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children (nominative/accusative plural)
The highly irregular plural form of the noun 'dziecko'. Crucially, when referring to children, this plural shifts to a non-virile grammatical behavior, meaning the nominative and accusative plural forms remain the same.
Odbieram dzisiaj dzieci ze szkoły trochę wcześniej.
I am picking up the children from school a bit earlier today.
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a window (nominative/accusative singular)
A standard neuter singular noun meaning 'window'. It uses the exact same spelling whether it acts as the subject or the direct object of a verb.
Otwórz proszę okno, bo robi się tu strasznie duszno.
Please open the window, because it's getting terribly stuffy in here.
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windows (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the neuter noun 'okno'. Neuter nouns systematically take the ending '-a' in both the nominative plural and the accusative plural.
Musimy umyć wszystkie okna przed przyjazdem gości.
We need to wash all the windows before the guests arrive.
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bread (nominative/accusative singular)
A masculine inanimate noun meaning 'bread'. Because it is inanimate, its form remains identical whether it acts as the subject (nominative) or the direct object (accusative) of a sentence.
Ten świeży chleb z lokalnej piekarni pachnie niesamowicie.
This fresh bread from the local bakery smells amazing.
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loaves of bread (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the masculine inanimate noun 'chleb'. It functions as both the plural subject and the plural direct object, tracking inanimate object agreement.
Kup dwa chleby na weekend, bo jutro sklepy są zamknięte.
Buy two loaves of bread for the weekend, because the shops are closed tomorrow.
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a student (nominative singular)
The standard subject and dictionary form of a masculine personal noun meaning 'male student'. It denotes the agent performing the action in the singular.
Ten nowy student na naszym wydziale pochodzi z Hiszpanii.
That new student in our department comes from Spain.
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a student (accusative singular)
The direct object form of the masculine personal noun 'student'. For masculine animate and personal nouns in the singular, the accusative case shares the ending '-a' with the genitive case.
Egzaminator właśnie pyta tego studenta przy tablicy.
The examiner is questioning that student at the board right now.
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students (nominative plural)
The subject plural form of the masculine personal noun 'student'. It uses the specialized masculine personal plural ending with stem palatalization ($t \to ci$) for groups containing at least one male.
Studenci zorganizowali wczoraj świetną imprezę w akademiku.
The students organized a great party in the dorm yesterday.
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students (accusative plural)
The direct object plural form of the masculine personal noun 'student'. In the plural, masculine personal nouns drop their nominative endings and take the genitive-matching '-ów' suffix when serving as direct objects.
Profesor zaprosił wszystkich studentów na dodatkowe konsultacje.
The professor invited all the students to additional office hours.
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a teacher (nominative singular)
The subject form of the masculine personal noun meaning 'male teacher'. It represents the person performing the verb's action in the singular.
Nasz nauczyciel od fizyki potrafi wytłumaczyć nawet najtrudniejsze wzory.
Our physics teacher can explain even the most difficult formulas.
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a teacher (accusative singular)
The direct object form of the masculine personal noun 'nauczyciel'. As an animate/personal noun, its singular accusative form takes the genitive suffix '-a'.
Dyrekcja szkoły chce pilnie zobaczyć tego nauczyciela.
The school management urgently wants to see that teacher.
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teachers (nominative plural)
The subject plural form of the masculine personal noun 'nauczyciel'. It is used when a group of teachers (male or mixed-gender) functions as the subject of the sentence.
Nauczyciele z naszej szkoły przygotowują nowy program wymiany.
The teachers from our school are preparing a new exchange program.
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teachers (accusative plural)
The direct object plural form of the masculine personal noun 'nauczyciel'. The form adopts the genitive plural ending '-i' following the soft stem consonant 'l' when receiving an action.
Kuratorium nagrodziło najlepszych nauczycieli w województwie.
The school board rewarded the best teachers in the voivodeship.
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a girl/girlfriend (nominative singular)
The standard subject and dictionary form of a feminine noun meaning 'girl' or 'girlfriend'. Used when the individual is performing the action in a sentence.
Ta nowa dziewczyna w naszym biurze mówi płynnie po japońsku.
That new girl in our office speaks fluent Japanese.
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a girl/girlfriend (accusative singular)
The direct object form of the feminine noun 'dziewczyna'. Feminine singular nouns ending in '-a' change this vowel to the nasal '-ę' when they receive the action of a transitive verb.
Marek zaprosił swoją dziewczynę na weekend do Trójmiasta.
Marek invited his girlfriend to the Tricity for the weekend.
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girls/girlfriends (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the feminine noun 'dziewczyna'. In the plural, feminine nouns share identical forms for both the subject (nominative) and the direct object (accusative).
Nasze dziewczyny z drużyny wygrały wczorajszy mecz siatkówki.
Our girls from the team won yesterday's volleyball match.
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a boy/boyfriend (nominative singular)
The standard subject and dictionary form of a masculine personal noun meaning 'boy' or 'boyfriend'. It marks the singular masculine agent doing the action.
Jej chłopak pracuje jako grafik w agencji reklamowej.
Her boyfriend works as a graphic designer at an advertising agency.
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a boy/boyfriend (accusative singular)
The direct object form of the masculine personal noun 'chłopak'. In Polish, masculine animate and personal singular nouns take the genitive ending '-a' when functioning as direct objects.
Widziałem wczoraj twojego chłopaka na siłowni z kolegami.
I saw your boyfriend at the gym with his friends yesterday.
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boys (nominative plural)
The subject plural form of the masculine personal noun 'chłopak'. This specific ending involves a consonant stem change ($k \to cy$) and is used strictly for masculine personal subjects.
Ci chłopcy z sąsiedztwa wiecznie grają w piłkę pod naszym oknem.
Those boys from the neighborhood are always playing football under our window.
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boys/boyfriends (accusative plural)
The direct object plural form of the masculine personal noun 'chłopak'. For masculine personal nouns, the accusative plural is identical to the genitive plural, utilizing the '-ów' suffix.
Znam tych chłopaków ze szkoły, zawsze trzymają się razem.
I know those boys from school; they always stick together.
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a house/home (nominative/accusative singular)
A masculine inanimate noun meaning 'house' or 'home'. Because it is inanimate, its form is identical whether it functions as a singular subject or a singular direct object.
Moi rodzice budują mały dom z widokiem na las.
My parents are building a small house with a view of the forest.
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houses (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the masculine inanimate noun 'dom'. Following the inanimate rule, it maintains the exact same spelling for both plural subjects and plural direct objects.
Stare, przedwojenne domy w tej dzielnicy mają niesamowity klimat.
Old, pre-war houses in this district have an amazing atmosphere.
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a car (nominative/accusative singular)
A masculine inanimate noun meaning 'car'. It undergoes no structural change between the nominative case (subject) and the accusative case (direct object) in the singular.
Muszę pilnie umyć samochód, bo cały jest w kurzu.
I urgently need to wash the car because it's completely covered in dust.
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cars (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the masculine inanimate noun 'samochód'. As an inanimate noun, it uses the exact same form whether it serves as the grammatical subject or the direct object of a sentence.
Nowe samochody elektryczne blokują miejsca przy ładowarkach na naszym osiedlu.
New electric cars are blocking the charging spots in our housing estate.
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coffee (nominative singular)
The subject and dictionary form of the feminine noun meaning 'coffee'. It is used when coffee is the agent performing an action or is the primary subject of the statement.
Ta włoska kawa w ziarnach kosztuje majątek, ale jest warta każdej złotówki.
This Italian coffee beans cost a fortune, but it's worth every złoty.
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coffee (accusative singular)
The direct object form of the feminine noun 'kawa'. Feminine singular nouns ending in '-a' change their suffix to the nasal '-ę' when they receive the action of a transitive verb.
Zawsze piję czarną kawę bez cukru zaraz po przebudzeniu.
I always drink black coffee without sugar right after waking up.
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teas (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the feminine noun 'herbata'. It functions identically as either a plural subject or a plural direct object in everyday conversational contexts.
Przywiozłem z podróży do Azji różne egzotyczne herbaty dla całej rodziny.
I brought back various exotic teas from my trip to Asia for the whole family.
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tea (nominative singular)
The base subject form of the feminine noun meaning 'tea'. Use this form when tea is the main entity being described or doing the action.
Zielona herbata z jaśminem najlepiej pomaga mi się zrelaksować wieczorem.
Green tea with jasmine helps me relax the best in the evening.
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tea (accusative singular)
The direct object form of the feminine noun 'herbata'. The ending mutates from '-a' to '-ę' when the tea becomes the object being made, ordered, or consumed.
Zamówiłem mrożoną herbatę, bo na zewnątrz jest dzisiaj straszny upał.
I ordered an iced tea because it is terribly hot outside today.
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soup (nominative singular)
The standard subject and dictionary form of the feminine noun meaning 'soup'. It marks the singular feminine subject of the clause.
Dzisiejsza zupa dnia w barze mlecznym pachnie jak u mojej babci.
Today's soup of the day at the milk bar smells just like my grandma's.
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soup (accusative singular)
The direct object form of the feminine noun 'zupa'. Transitive actions like cooking, eating, or serving cause the structural shift from the nominative '-a' to the accusative '-ę'.
Kucharz właśnie doprawia zupę pomidorową świeżą bazylią.
The chef is seasoning the tomato soup with fresh basil right now.
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dinner/lunch (nominative/accusative singular)
A masculine inanimate noun representing the main meal of the day. Because it is inanimate, its structural spelling is perfectly identical as both subject and direct object.
Robię dziś szybki obiad, bo muszę wracać do pracy przed czternastą.
I am making a quick dinner today because I have to get back to work before 2 PM.
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dinners/lunches (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the masculine inanimate noun 'obiad'. It handles both the plural subject and direct object roles without changing its form.
Te domowe obiady w nowej restauracji są naprawdę tanie i smaczne.
Those homemade dinners at the new restaurant are really cheap and tasty.
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milk (nominative/accusative singular)
A neuter singular noun meaning 'milk'. Like all neuter nouns in Polish, its structural form remains exactly the same whether it acts as the subject or the direct object of a sentence.
Świeże mleko roślinne stoi w lodówce na najwyższej półce.
The fresh plant milk is in the fridge on the top shelf.
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water (nominative singular)
The standard subject and dictionary form of the feminine noun meaning 'water'. It is used when water is the main topic or the entity performing an action.
Ta woda gazowana ma dziwny, lekko słonawy posmak.
This sparkling water has a strange, slightly salty aftertaste.
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water (accusative singular)
The direct object form of the feminine noun 'woda'. The nominative ending '-a' changes to the nasal vowel '-ę' when water receives the action of a transitive verb.
Zawsze zamawiam niefiltrowaną wodę z kranu z lodem i cytryną.
I always order unfiltered tap water with ice and lemon.
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juice (nominative/accusative singular)
A masculine inanimate noun meaning 'juice'. As an inanimate noun, it undergoes no spelling changes between the nominative (subject) and accusative (direct object) cases in the singular.
Ten tłoczony sok jabłkowy nie ma w sobie żadnego dodanego cukru.
This pressed apple juice doesn't have any added sugar in it.
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juices (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the masculine inanimate noun 'sok'. It functions identically as either the plural subject or the plural direct object in a sentence.
Kupujesz zazwyczaj soki przecierowe czy raczej te klarowne?
Do you usually buy puréed juices or rather the clear ones?
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a banana (nominative singular)
The subject and dictionary form of the masculine inanimate noun meaning 'banana'. Used when the banana is the grammatical subject of the clause.
Ten dojrzały banan idealnie nadaje się do dzisiejszego koktajlu.
This ripe banana is perfectly suited for today's smoothie.
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a banana (accusative singular)
The direct object form of the masculine noun 'banan'. Although fruits are inanimate, many masculine food items and fruits colloquially or structurally adopt the animate '-a' ending in the accusative singular.
Zjedz tego banana przed treningiem, żeby mieć więcej energii.
Eat this banana before your workout to have more energy.
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bananas (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the masculine noun 'banan'. In the plural, it returns strictly to standard masculine inanimate behavior, using the same form for both subjects and direct objects.
Te zielone banany muszą poleżeć w kuchni jeszcze ze dwa dni.
These green bananas need to sit in the kitchen for about two more days.
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a tomato (nominative/accusative singular)
A masculine noun meaning 'tomato'. In the nominative singular it represents the subject; as a direct object in the accusative singular, it can alternate between 'pomidor' and 'pomidora' depending on regional variety, though the base inanimate form remains common.
Ten wielki, mięsisty pomidor malinowy z bazaru pachnie niesamowicie.
This big, fleshy raspberry tomato from the bazaar smells amazing.
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tomatoes (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the masculine noun 'pomidor'. It handles both the plural subject and direct object roles uniformly without changing its ending.
Pokrój te cztery pomidory w grube plastry i posyp świeżą bazylią.
Slice those four tomatoes into thick pieces and sprinkle with fresh basil.
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a bicycle (nominative/accusative singular)
A masculine inanimate noun meaning 'bicycle'. Because it represents an inanimate object, its form remains identical whether it functions as the subject (nominative) or the direct object (accusative) of the sentence.
Mój stary rower znowu ma przebitą tylną oponę.
My old bicycle has a flat rear tire again.
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bicycles (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the masculine inanimate noun 'rower'. Following the inanimate rule, it maintains the exact same spelling for both plural subjects and plural direct objects.
Przypnij te dwa rowery do stojaka przed wejściem.
Lock those two bicycles to the rack in front of the entrance.
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a bag (nominative singular)
The standard subject and dictionary form of the feminine noun meaning 'bag'. Use this form when the bag is the primary topic or the entity performing the action.
Ta skórzana torba na laptopa wygląda na bardzo solidną.
That leather laptop bag looks very solid.
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a bag (accusative singular)
The direct object form of the feminine noun 'torba'. Feminine singular nouns ending in '-a' switch to the nasal vowel ending '-ę' when targeted by a transitive verb.
Zostawiłem papierową torbę z zakupami na tylnym siedzeniu.
I left the paper grocery bag on the back seat.
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bags (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the feminine noun 'torba'. In the plural paradigm, feminine nouns use identical structures for both the nominative (subject) and accusative (direct object) cases.
Gdzie kupiłeś te wielkie torby podróżne na kółkach?
Where did you buy those huge travel bags on wheels?
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a key (nominative/accusative singular)
A masculine inanimate noun meaning 'key'. It undergoes zero spelling adjustments between the nominative (subject) and accusative (direct object) states in the singular.
Ten francuski klucz leży w skrzynce z narzędziami w garażu.
That adjustable wrench (french key) is in the toolbox in the garage.
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keys (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the masculine inanimate noun 'klucz'. It acts uniformly as either a plural subject or a plural direct object in conversational Polish.
Znowu gdzieś zapodziałem klucze od mieszkania i się spóźnię.
I mislaid my apartment keys somewhere again and I'm going to be late.
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a telephone/phone (nominative/accusative singular)
A masculine inanimate noun representing a phone. Because it is inanimate, its structural spelling stays completely unchanged whether it is the subject or the direct object of a verb.
Twój telefon wibruje na stole od dobrych pięciu minut.
Your phone has been vibrating on the table for a good five minutes.
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telephones/phones (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the masculine inanimate noun 'telefon'. It processes both the plural subject and direct object roles seamlessly without changing its ending.
Współczesne telefony komórkowe rozładowują się stanowczo za szybko.
Modern smartphones run out of battery definitely too quickly.
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a desk (nominative/accusative singular)
A standard neuter singular noun meaning 'desk'. Like all neuter nouns in Polish, the subjective form (nominative) and the objective form (accusative) are structurally identical.
Muszę kupić nowe biurko narożne do mojego domowego biura.
I need to buy a new corner desk for my home office.
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desks (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the neuter noun 'biurko' (desk). In Polish, all neuter nouns take the ending '-a' in both the nominative plural (subject) and accusative plural (direct object).
Firma wymienia stary sprzęt i wszystkie biurka w naszym dziale.
The company is replacing the old equipment and all the desks in our department.
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a chair (nominative/accusative singular)
A neuter singular noun meaning 'chair'. As with all neuter nouns, its spelling remains completely unchanged whether it acts as the subject or the direct object of a sentence.
To drewniane krzesło strasznie skrzypi za każdym razem, gdy się ruszam.
This wooden chair creaks terribly every time I move.
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chairs (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the neuter noun 'krzesło'. It tracks the regular neuter plural ending '-a' and serves as both the plural subject and the plural direct object.
Przynieś dodatkowe krzesła z salonu, bo zabraknie miejsc dla gości.
Bring additional chairs from the living room, because there won't be enough seats for the guests.
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a tree (nominative/accusative singular)
A neuter singular noun meaning 'tree'. It displays identical structural form in the nominative case (as a subject) and the accusative case (as a direct object).
Stare drzewo w naszym ogrodzie ucierpiało podczas wczorajszej wichury.
The old tree in our garden was damaged during yesterday's gale.
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trees (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the neuter noun 'drzewo'. It serves simultaneously as the plural subject and direct object, following standard neuter declension rule.
Miasto sadzi nowe drzewa wzdłuż całej głównej alei.
The city is planting new trees along the entire main avenue.
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a flower (nominative/accusative singular)
A masculine inanimate noun meaning 'flower'. Because it represents an inanimate concept, it undergoes no structural mutation between the nominative and accusative singular cases.
Ten rzadki kwiat kwitnie tylko raz na kilka lat.
This rare flower blooms only once every few years.
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flowers (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the masculine inanimate noun 'kwiat'. It functions uniformly as either a plural subject or a plural direct object in everyday contexts.
Kupiłem świeże kwiaty na stoisku przy stacji metra.
I bought fresh flowers at the stall near the metro station.
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a bird (nominative singular)
The subject and dictionary form of the masculine animate noun meaning 'bird'. Used when the bird is the agent performing the primary action of the clause.
Jakiś kolorowy ptak uwił sobie gniazdo na naszym balkonie.
Some colorful bird built a nest on our balcony.
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a bird (accusative singular)
The direct object form of the masculine animate noun 'ptak'. Masculine animate nouns (animals) take the genitive ending '-a' when they function as the direct object.
Kot przez całą godzinę obserwował tego małego ptaka na płocie.
The cat watched that little bird on the fence for a whole hour.
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birds (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the masculine animate noun 'ptak'. Crucially, masculine animate plurals that are non-personal (animals/objects) utilize the exact same form for both nominative and accusative plural.
Jesienią tutejsze ptaki odlatują w cieplejsze rejony świata.
In autumn, the local birds fly away to warmer regions of the world.
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a doctor (nominative singular)
The standard subject and dictionary form of a masculine personal noun meaning 'male doctor'. It identifies the singular individual performing the main action of the sentence.
Ten nowy lekarz w przychodni ma bardzo dobre podejście do pacjentów.
That new doctor at the clinic has a very good approach to patients.
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a doctor (accusative singular)
The direct object form of the masculine personal noun 'lekarz'. For masculine animate and personal nouns in the singular, the accusative case shares the ending '-a' with the genitive case.
Muszę pilnie wezwać lekarza, bo stan dziadka nagle się pogorszył.
I need to call a doctor urgently because grandpa's condition suddenly worsened.
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doctors (nominative plural)
The subject plural form of the masculine personal noun 'lekarz'. It is used when a group of doctors (male or mixed-gender) functions as the grammatical subject of the clause.
Lekarze z tego szpitala przeprowadzili wczoraj pionierską operację serca.
Doctors from this hospital performed a pioneering heart surgery yesterday.
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doctors (accusative plural)
The direct object plural form of the masculine personal noun 'lekarz'. In the plural paradigm, masculine personal nouns drop their nominative ending and adopt the genitive-matching '-y' suffix when receiving an action.
Dyrekcja postanowiła wysłać naszych lekarzy na międzynarodową konferencję.
The management decided to send our doctors to an international conference.
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a colleague/friend (nominative singular)
The subject form of a masculine personal noun meaning 'male colleague' or 'male friend'. Although it declines like a feminine noun due to its '-a' ending, it refers to a male subject.
Mój kolega z pracy pomógł mi dzisiaj z tym trudnym raportem.
My colleague from work helped me with this difficult report today.
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a colleague/friend (accusative singular)
The direct object form of the masculine personal noun 'kolega'. Because it tracks the feminine declension pattern in the singular, its nominative '-a' changes to the nasal vowel '-ę' when affected by a transitive verb.
Spotkałem wczoraj starego kolegę ze szkoly średniej na stacji benzynowej.
I ran into an old colleague from high school at the gas station yesterday.
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colleagues/friends (nominative plural)
The subject plural form of the masculine personal noun 'kolega'. It uses the specialized masculine personal plural ending with soft stem palatalization ($g \to dz$) for mixed or all-male groups.
Koledzy z zespołu zrobili mi niespodziankę z okazji urodzin.
My colleagues from the team gave me a surprise for my birthday.
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colleagues/friends (accusative plural)
The direct object plural form of the masculine personal noun 'kolega'. The accusative plural matches the genitive plural form, utilizing the standard '-ów' suffix.
Zaprosiłem kilku kolegów z biura na wspólne oglądanie meczu w weekend.
I invited a few colleagues from the office to watch the match together over the weekend.
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a friend (nominative singular)
The standard subject and dictionary form of a masculine personal noun meaning 'male close friend'. It designates the singular individual performing the primary action.
Twój najlepszy przyjaciel dzwonił do ciebie już chyba ze trzy razy.
Your best friend has called you probably about three times already.
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a friend (accusative singular)
The direct object form of the masculine personal noun 'przyjaciel'. As a masculine personal singular noun, its accusative form changes from a zero ending to the genitive suffix '-a' when it is the direct object.
Zawsze mogę liczyć na mojego przyjaciela, kiedy mam jakieś kłopoty.
I can always count on my friend whenever I am in some trouble.
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friends (nominative plural)
The subject plural form of the masculine personal noun 'przyjaciel'. It is used when a group of close friends (male or mixed-gender) functions as the subject performing the action.
Moi dawni przyjaciele ze studiów przyjeżdżają do mnie na cały weekend.
My old friends from university are coming to visit me for the whole weekend.
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friends (accusative plural)
The direct object plural form of the masculine personal noun 'przyjaciel'. For masculine personal nouns, the accusative plural matches the genitive plural form, which involves an internal vowel change ($a \to ó$) and a zero ending.
Zaprosiłem starych przyjaciół na parapetówkę do mojego nowego mieszkania.
I invited my old friends to a housewarming party at my new apartment.
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a school (nominative singular)
The standard subject and dictionary form of the feminine noun meaning 'school'. It is used when the school itself is the main topic or agent performing the action.
Ta nowa szkoła językowa w centrum ma niesamowicie wysokie oceny w sieci.
That new language school downtown has incredibly high ratings online.
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a school (accusative singular)
The direct object form of the feminine noun 'szkoła'. Feminine singular nouns ending in '-a' change this vowel to the nasal '-ę' when they act as the direct object of a transitive verb.
Mój brat skończył tę samą szkołę techniczną, co nasz ojciec.
My brother graduated from the same technical school as our father.
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schools (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the feminine noun 'szkoła'. In the plural paradigm, feminine nouns use identical forms for both the subject (nominative) and the direct object (accusative).
Prywatne szkoły w tym mieście kosztują zdecydowanie za dużo.
Private schools in this city cost definitively too much.
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a city/town (nominative/accusative singular)
A neuter singular noun meaning 'city' or 'town'. Like all neuter nouns in Polish, the subjective form (nominative) and the objective form (accusative) are structurally identical.
Nasze małe miasto zmienia się nie do poznania dzięki funduszom unijnym.
Our small town is changing beyond recognition thanks to EU funds.
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cities/towns (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the neuter noun 'miasto'. Neuter nouns systematically take the ending '-a' in both the nominative plural (subject) and the accusative plural (direct object).
Korki drogowe paraliżują wszystkie większe miasta w kraju w godzinach szczytu.
Traffic jams paralyze all major cities in the country during rush hours.
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a street (nominative singular)
The standard subject form of the feminine noun meaning 'street'. Used when the street functions as the grammatical subject of the clause.
Ta boczna ulica jest zawsze całkowicie zablokowana przez zaparkowane auta.
This side street is always completely blocked by parked cars.
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a street (accusative singular)
The direct object form of the feminine noun 'ulica'. Actions like crossing, cleaning, or naming a street trigger the shift from the nominative '-a' to the accusative '-ę'.
Musimy przejść przez tę ruchliwą ulicę, żeby dojść do stacji metra.
We need to cross this busy street to get to the metro station.
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streets (nominative/accusative plural)
The plural form of the feminine noun 'ulica'. Due to the soft-consonant stem ('c'), it takes the ending '-e' instead of '-y', serving as both plural subject and plural direct object.
Służby miejskie sprzątają tutejsze ulice zazwyczaj bardzo późno w nocy.
City services usually clean the streets here very late at night.